International journal of Terrorism & National Security

Purpose: 18-year occupation of the United States and NATO in Afghanistan has ended. The ideal goal of removing terrorism desired by the international community and forming a democratic and liberal state through the formation of a government has been broken by the Taliban's ruling. There are several factors that do not form a state in Afghanistan. The purpose of this paper is to consider these factors. Method: For the purpose of research, it is important to look at the historical context and social structure of Afghanistan and to look at the results of the Western 'anti-terrorism war'. First, we examine the tribe-centered decision-making system(Jirgah) and the ideological role of Islam. And we examine whether the formation of a national state has been stagnant through wars since the late 19th century and the civil war in Afghanistan. Results: The role of the extreme Sunni Islamic group played a role in the rapid growth of the Taliban. Mujahideen was formed during the war against Britain and the Soviet Union, of which the Taliban of the Pashtun people living in southeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan grew their power during the civil war in Afghanistan, and the Taliban was given a representative position in the war against the United States. In addition, the Taliban succeeded to some extent in integrating a divided ethnic society by force. Conclusion: After the United States-Taliban ‘Doha Agreement’ (Peace Agreement), where the Afghanistan government was excluded, the Taliban occupied most of Afghanistan in a short period of one month. Although the Taliban group does not have a unified leadership system, it will become the ruling power of Afghanistan in the future. The Taliban's Wahhabism or Salafism will serve as the norm of social integration in Afghanistan.

Purpose: Homegrown terrorism is an act of using violence to achieve a certain purpose or facilitate caution or publicize one's own claim with one's own power, which surfaces in the form of terrorism that causes casualties in connection with socio-political complaints or grievances between nations which are broader than domestic terrorism. The purpose of this study is to block the occurrence of domestic homegrown terrorism in advance by analyzing the causes of domestic homegrown terrorism and actual case analyses. Method: The concepts of terrorism and homegrown terrorism are defined, and the analyses are performed in regards to the increase of illegal immigrant workers, increase of the students of foreign nationality attending school in Korea, increase of the Muslims residing in Korea, the causes of domestic terrorism including cyber terror threats of North Korea, as well as the recent cases of following international terrorist organization of IS and the case of financial aid for international terrorist organizations among other cases analyzed including the domestic homegrown terrorism. Results: No nation or individual is safe from against terrorism. Even in the Korean society, various types of discrimination and prejudice have become the factors of conflict due to an increase in the number of illegal aliens, students of foreign nationality attending school in Korea, and the Muslims residing in Korea. This could provide a potential cause for the homegrown terrorism in Korea. Furthermore, it has been identified that there have been recent cases of homegrown terrorism in Korea. Conclusion: As evident in the cases of homegrown terrorism in Korea, Korea is no longer a safe zone from against terrorism. The best way to prevent terrorism is to eliminate the causes and environment of terrorism. Towards this end, it is even more necessary to share information based on international cooperation and build a cooperative system with relevant institutions.

Purpose: This article examines the impact of the science and technology development and artificial intelligence on cyber threats in the era of the 4th industrial revolution and consideration of national-level defense response to the cyber threats. Method: The theoretical approach referred to monographs and papers published in academic journals, and technical and current data were studied through the Internet and literature research. Results: The development of artificial intelligence has provided efficiency, speed, and convenience of mission performance in cyberspace, but threats from unspecified forces in cyberspace are becoming more covert, advanced, and intelligent. Impairment of mission performance and damage to property has emerged as a national crisis. It has become a new security issue that must be dealt at the national security level. In response to cyber threats, the development tasks include nurturing cybersecurity experts, developing artificial intelligence-based security control management highlighting hacking and malicious code breaches based on artificial intelligence, and im-proving cybersecurity awareness. Conclusion: Defense, which plays a pivotal role in national security, is expected to serve as an opportunity to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities as a game-changer to respond to cyber threats on the battlefield along with the 4th industrial revolution and the innovative development of artificial intelligence.

Purpose: The re-occupation of Afghanistan by the U.S. troops and the Taliban gives many lessons to the security of the Korean Peninsula. As shown in Vietnam Communization, the poor Taliban troops beat the rich troops of the U.S.-backed Kabul regime, which lacks a will to fight and strategy. The purpose of this study is to discover the implications of the Biden administration's withdrawal from Afghanistan with a neoliberal perspective and its implications for security and denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula. Method: This paper analyzes the US withdrawal from Afghanistan with the theory of Radall Schweller's neoclassical realism and explains political implications toward the Korean Peninsula. This paper will examine four major domestic factors in neoclassical realism focus on nationalism, military ability to mobilize, the influence of domestic interest groups, and nationalism and ideology. It suggests four implications over security and denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula by using the theory of the Neo-classical realism's perspective. Results: First, the withdrawal of the U.S. from Afghanistan can be seen as an expression of shrinking nationalism stemming from the U.S. priority that has emerged since the Trump era. Second, the continued burden of the war due to the worsening financial situation in the U.S. due to COVID-19 and the fatigue of the accumulated war was a cause for the US to withdraw from Afghanistan. Third, to win the votes of the white middle class in the Midwest of the United States, known as Trump's supporters, President Biden decided to withdraw from the need to rebuild the middle class. Fourth, the U.S. Biden administration decided to withdraw troops to focus on checking China, an authoritarian regime, based on value diplomacy that values democracy and human rights. Conclusion: As the Biden administration put more weight on checking China, the declaration of the end of the war pushed by the Moon Jae-in administration has been put on the back burner. The end-of-war declaration pushed by the South Korean government is opposed by the U.S. government as it weakens the justification for the presence of U.S. troops in South Korea that is a strategic hub for checking China. The Biden administration is implementing a policy to actively intervene in human rights issues in China and North Korea, focusing on value diplomacy, and is tightening sanctions against those involved, worsening the atmosphere of dialogue for negotiations. South Korea needs quiet diplomacy to promote the peace process. The U.S. sanctions on North Korea are creating an atmosphere and cause for North Korea to provoke more militarily in the future, raising the need to maintain a military response posture to South Korea and the US.

Purpose: In this study, the Cheongju Spy Ring incident offers a clear answer for the question of “Are there still spies?” in some parts of our society. It confirms the fact that North Korea is continuously carrying out espionage in South Korea regardless of the situation between the North and South Koreas. Hence, it is intended to discuss the legitimacy of the National Security Act, which is faced with the possibility of repealment, and the ripple effect of its repealment via an actual analysis of the Cheongju Spy Ring incident. Method: This study examines the legitimacy of the National Security Act and its ripple effects when it is repealed by analyzing the Cheongju Spy Ring incident. It will examine the differences of opinion on the controversy over the existence of the National Security Act to date. The content analytical method and the literature analytical method were implemented comprehensively and specifically for the contents of various aspects of the incident. Results: Concerning the enactment and repealment of the National Security Act, it is necessary to respond with a clear awareness from the perspective of national security and the maintenance and development of the liberal democratic system. The National Security Act has the purpose to guarantee the people's freedom and human rights by restricting anti-state activities which undermine the national security, not anti-unification-anti-democratic-anti-civil evil laws as North Korea claims. Furthermore, as evident in foreign cases, it can learned that the law is by no means a strong law. Conclusion: In conclusion, when the National Security Act is repealed, then first, from the security and military perspective, it would be impossible to punish the North Korean spies and the anti-state activists. Second, in terms of the political aspect, political instability will be aggravated by the conflicts between the ruling party pushing for the repealment of the National Security Act and the opposition party opposing thereto, which will further lead to the political instability and social disturbance. Third, in terms of the social aspect, the conflicts between the left and the right wings over the enactment and repealment of the National Security Act will intensify, and the division of public opinion and social unrest will further expand at best. Fourth, the political instability is expected given the increased conflicts among relevant departments within the government. Fifth, in terms of the inter-Korean relations, the federal unification drive after the repealtment of the National Security Act by the North will be a prerequisite for improving the inter-Korean relations, thereby growing the pressure on South Korea. Ultimately, the repealment of the National Security Act will undermine the constitutional system of the Republic of Korea by threatening and destroying not only the security of the Republic of Korea but also the basic order of liberal democracy in the political, economic, and social areas.

Purpose: Various risks exist in the field for security guards. Given such risk factors, the need for security guard increases while the security industry is developing. However, security guards carry only portable equipments, which are very passive from against risk factors in the workplace. This causes a lot of stress and sacrifices further to injuries for the security guards. Method: Therefore, in this study, the portable equipment of the security guard was examined, and the baton was examined based on the issue of the security guard’s portable equipment. Results: Security guard is making much effort to help protect the safety of those subject to personal protection and facilities subject to security from against various risk factors in the workplace. However, the equipment to protect the safety of those subject to personal protection and facilities subject to security from against dangerous weapons which are becoming more aggressive and dangerous as the number of hazardous goods is diversified fails to reflect the reality. For the safety of the security guard and those who are subject to their protection, it is necessary to re-establish the standards for the baton among the portable equipments. Conclusion: Various efforts for the portable equipments of security guard are required. Regarding the security guard’s portable equipment, it is a device which can respond to threats from against violent crimes and aggressive harmful weapons, the redevelopment of the standards which may be used to safely respond to factors of danger and which may be used appropriately is needed.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in international order, why the concept of human security emerged, and how it is making emergent variations, and then to study practical usefulness in connection with national security. Method: As a major research method, policy suggestions provided by various domestic and foreign security conversations, academic conferences, and seminars held during the COVID-19 situation were referenced. The theoretical approach of human security was studied analytically through literature research. In addition, the contents of non-face-to-face interviews of 32 security experts were reflected. Results: War and conflict threats are gradually disappearing in the post-Cold War era, and the vulnerability of human security is exposed. Delayed diagnosis and prescription at the human security level have a negative impact on national security. Therefore, at this point, the practical usefulness of human security in line with the fundamental purpose of human security is further needed. Various international and domestic governance and solidarity are needed, and a fused human security policy in connection with the national policy should be established. Military power, which is the core of national security, should also expand the field of projection for human security. Conclusion: Human security provided the justification for the state to make all-out efforts to non-traditional security threats from traditional security threats through the long-term COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the characteristics of complexity, vulnerability, dependence, and complementarity of human security, the practical usefulness of coexisting with national security should be increased. National security should always be open to materialize human security discourse at the level of national policy, play a role as a supplement to human security, and come up with practical alternatives to overcome the vulnerability of human security.

Purpose: This article is to analyze the maritime strategy of Ecuador from the perspective of national security theory. It also applies national security theory for academic support to Ecuador's maritime policy, providing a complete understanding and critical analysis of Ecuador's maritime strategy. Method: In this study, three methods were used to analyze and develop Ecuador's maritime strategy: realism, liberalism and constructivism. First, the realistic approach examines, analyzes, and interprets the relationship between past facts, present facts, and future assumptions in relation to Ecuador's maritime strategy. Second, the liberal approach is to establish the relationship, differences, and awareness of information on the national security and defense axes, including the nuclear issue. Third, the constructive approach reviews empirically in order to recognize the characteristics of Ecuador's maritime strategy. Results: The advantage of using national security theory is the ability to identify its causes and understand the intentions of actors in complex scenarios of Ecuador's national maritime strategy. It also proposes possible solutions and formulates measures to promote better implementation of national maritime and coastal policies. Therefore, this theoretical and practical study of scenario analysis will provide a link between academic support and national maritime strategies. Conclusion: Ecuador is a maritime country with the activities that people perform in marine space and the resources the sea provides. The results of this study are vital important to promote defense, growth and development for Ecuador's national maritime interests.

Purpose: In this study, the tourism demand expected to surge after the COVID-19 and the various factors which could threaten the tourism safety were examined. Furthermore, through this examination, policy measures were explored to help revitalize the economy and secure the safety of tourists by expanding the tourism industry in the future. Method: In this study, a theoretical review of the tourism safety and threat factors for the tourism safety were analyzed by reviewing the various previous studies and related references. Furthermore, the demand of the foreign tourists visiting Korea was analyzed through related official statistics, and the tourism demand after the post-COVID-19 was forecasted through the various unofficial statistics. In addition, through such a study, various policy measures were explored to secure the tourism safety in the future. Results: In order to secure the tourism safety in the post-COVID-19 era, it turned out that, first, along with the tourism police organization’s expansion, it is necessary that the tourism police’s operation be transferred to local governments through the self-governing police. Second, it is necessary that the central government such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, and the Korea Tourism Organization develop and supply the tourism safety manual in line with the regional characteristics. Third, it is necessary to foster the private security businesses to secure the tourism safety, and fourth, it is necessary to strengthen the safety education for those serving in tourism related fields and introduce the tourism safety qualification system. Conclusion: Tourism safety is the foremostly crucial step in protecting the body, life, and property of the individual tourists, and is also a very important issue which may influence the image of a region or a country, as well as the future tourism demand. Hence, in order for Korea to further grow into an advanced tourism country, it would be necessary to seek various institutional improvements and policy measures which can harmonize the government wide efforts for the tourism safety and the expansion of the role of the private sector.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the situation of the Korean peninsula in the 21st century and the military strategy of the security of General Lee Soon Shin. North Korea condemns the behavior of intercontinental ballistic missiles(ICBM)-class ballistic missiles and the launch of medium- and long-range ballistic missiles(IRBMs) that passed over Japan in 2017, but the Korean government has no countermeasures. Rather than relying on the United States, we need self-diagnosis and have measures. Method: The study investigated, analyzed, and discussed historical papers, reports, books, ancient documents, and Internet data related to the scope of the study. This study aims to conduct specific research questions related to the situation of the Korean peninsula in the 21st century and the military strategy of General Lee Soon Shin. Results: Then, we should use the lesson as an indicator of the military defense posture and the business spirit. But the Republic of Korea is focused on the US military!, It is time to examine in many ways whether we are self-sustaining military preparedness and whether the people are also aware of the security consciousness of defense posture. This means that the North Korean regime cannot do the Armed Provocation and the Korean Peninsula can achieve peaceful reunification only if various processes of its defense posture are prepared. First of all, it is necessary to improve the military system and achieve the independent unification policy on the Korean peninsula in the national security through the business spirit. Conclusion: In conclusion, the military strategy of the 21st century Korean Peninsula and the security of General Lee Soon Shin should be used to teach the past Chungmugong Lee Soon-Shin business spirit and the security of the natio. Furthermore, when North Korea's armed provocations have a strong military power of Ubimuhwan and prepares measures for various unification policies, the independent peaceful unification of the Korean peninsula will come soon.