Robotics & AI Ethics

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore innovative teaching methods to enhance the effectiveness of university major courses which is “Service interview practice ll” through the synergy between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Human Intelligence (HI). To achieve this, a quality management system for the curriculum was established based on the ADDIE model, and the direction for curriculum improvement was presented through learner needs analysis and the setting of learning objectives. The study aims to contribute to the development of learner-centered curricula by effectively utilizing AI technologies. Method: This research was conducted by analyzing a course that took place over one semester. Following the ADDIE model, the course syllabus was reviewed, and improvement points were derived based on student evaluations. The researcher utilized AI tools to generate course plans and assessment criteria, collecting various responses in the process to ultimately select the most suitable outcomes. This methodology facilitated a collaborative approach between AI and HI. Results: The analysis of the course syllabus revealed that overall course objectives, as well as the concepts of coaching by instructors, peer coaching, and self-coaching, were clearly articulated, and assessment criteria were strengthened. Notably, the introduction of results-oriented goal-setting allowed students to conduct self-assessments after midterm exams through discussions with instructors, thereby establishing a framework to monitor learner progress. The assessment methods were divided into external and internal evaluations, providing a foundation for more systematic and specific feedback. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for continuous enhancement of teaching effectiveness through collaboration between AI and HI. It particularly suggests that the design of major courses should enable learners to acquire competency-based skills, highlighting the necessity for the development and improvement of diverse teaching methods. Future research should seek ways to improve classes by leveraging the various functionalities of AI and expanding the possibilities of generative AI. These efforts will ultimately contribute to enhancing the quality of higher education.

Purpose: This study aims to examine ethical issues arising from generative artificial intelligence. Generative artificial intelligence is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on computer models capable of generating original content. Therefore, the purpose is to clarify the nature of creativity in the output produced by AI, explore the scope of recognition of creativity, and examine ethical issues arising from this. Method: This study first uses the method of literature review to review various discussions on creativity and AI. Next, it models the scope of ethical discussions on the output of generative AI using the method of development research. Based on this, it presents the developed model to explore the scope of recognition of ethical issues related to the use of generative AI. Results: The results of this study reveal the following points. The ethical issues that arise from generative AI are generally proposed in the form of a complex matrix. The vertical axis can be arranged to focus on creativity and to arrange elements related to the life cycle of information, from the production of information itself to distribution and consumption. These are represented by elements of copyright, responsibility, false and manipulated information, personal information and personality rights, and misuse of information. The horizontal axis can be ar-ranged to focus on the use of AI and to arrange ethical elements related to it. These are represented by elements such as data theft, labor exploitation, and excessive energy consumption. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study suggests that the Factors related to creativity and factors related to the use of AI form a matrix and function as a model for exploring ethical issues that should be reviewed in the correlation between creativity and AI. This functions as an ascending model that forms a three-dimensional plane with ethical considerations as the central axis in the operation process of generative artificial intelligence.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) in Korea is bringing about innovation along with the technological development of global companies such as Samsung Electronics and Hyundai Motors, and the ethics of AI are being dealt with centered on humans through cooperation between the government, academia, and companies. How-ever, the role of the police in cybersecurity threats should also be dealt with very importantly in the development of AI, so this study aimed to analyze the awareness of AI ethics according to the gender, age, education level, and workplace size of police officers. Method: The data processing of this study was done using the statistical package program SPSS 23.0 Program. According to the purpose of the data analysis, first, frequency analysis was performed to identify general characteristics using the SPSS/PC+23.0 program. Second, a t-Test was performed to find out the difference in awareness of AI ethics according to the gender of police officers. Third, a One Way ANOVA was performed to find out the difference in awareness of AI ethics according to the age and education level of police officers. Fourth, a t-Test and One Way ANOVA were performed to find out the difference in awareness of AI ethics according to the work area and number of employees of police officers. Results: Korean police officers were fully aware of the ‘ethical and legal issues’ and ‘government responses’ of AI, but showed differences in the priority of establishing legal grounds for AI depending on gender and education level, and in the awareness of granting electronic personality depending on the size of the workplace. Conclusion: Police officers’ awareness of AI ethics is essential to securing social trust through fair law enforcement, protection of personal information, clarity of responsibility, and transparent decision-making. AI technology is expected to lead to innovation in all areas of police work, including crime prediction, facial recognition, data analysis, digital forensics, traffic management, and emergency response. Therefore, police officers’ awareness of AI ethics explored in this paper will play an important role in the changes in future police work.

Purpose: This study aims to explore areas of ethical inquiry related to artificial intelligence and what tasks need to be solved in each area. Method: We reviewed various Eastern and Western literature and various media reports related to artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence ethics. Results: Artificial intelligence technology is widely used in almost all fields, and is seeking development to the stage of general artificial intelligence (AGI), which is similar to human natural intelligence. In this process, unethical issues are being raised along with serious concerns that artificial intelligence may threaten humans. Accordingly, areas that need to be ethically explored in relation to artificial intelligence are divided into four areas: establishment of ethical principles for establishing artificial intelligence policy, ethical prediction and analysis in artificial intelligence research, artificial intelligence developer ethics, and artificial intelligence user ethics. It can be. Conclusion: Tasks to be solved in each area of ethical inquiry include the creation of international level ethical principles and treaties and monitoring organizations, the development of 'explainable artificial intelligence' technology for ethical prediction and analysis of artificial intelligence, and engineering ethics for artificial intelligence developers. The establishment of the concept, development of the education system, and development of an integrated artificial intelligence education program for artificial intelligence users were presented.

Purpose: Conflicts between Korea, the United States, Japan, North Korea, China, and Russia continue along with the competition for supremacy between the United States and China, and conflicts between South and North Korea and between China and Taiwan continue as the Korean Peninsula is an area with a high possibility of military conflict. However, even in North Korea, China, and Russia, which are closed countries, the influence of the soft power of cultural content such as dramas through the Internet is bringing about changes in collective sentiment even in closed countries. Due to these phenomena, Northeast Asia, which has been confronted with military power, is facing a new phase, and we wanted to discuss the use of AI technology in information warfare by the soft power of the Intelligence Agency. Method: For the expansion of AI use and research on information warfare, the historical cases of Northeast Asia were analyzed, and the evolution of literature and media was reviewed to understand the phenomenon of artificial intelligence (AI) after the 4th industrial revolution, and the themes were selected. In addition, related data were collected and reviewed, and an attempt was made to theoretically establish the research results academically. Results: 1. Northeast Asia is undergoing a transition from order based on hard power through military power to soft power based on cultural content. Just as the spread of culture has expanded faster and deeper the more it is controlled by the state, many researchers in Northeast Asia sympathize with the collapse of the system when asked how long such surveillance and control by dictatorships such as China and North Korea will be possible. According to this phenomenon, the influence of the power of culture on society was analyzed. 2. Artificial intelligence (AI) learning information will adversely affect sound soft power due to manipulated in-formation and biased algorithm learning data. Due to this loophole, the Intelligence Agency will launch an information war using artificial intelligence (AI) technology that suits its own interests. In addition, the Internet will accelerate the propagation speed of distorted soft power and penetrate deeply into human life. Therefore, the Intelligence Agency is expected to analyze the influence of this distorted soft power on its country and start blocking and defending against attacks. Conclusion: 1. The legal system before the advent of AI is expected to be modified or supplemented by more than 50% after the advent of AI. In accordance with this paradigm shift, the authority of the Intelligence Agency in the information warfare of AI was divided into the right to investigate, the right to investigate, and the right to operate. 2. In response to the threat of using artificial intelligence (AI) in information warfare, the government of the country not only expanded the size of the Intelligence Agency but also proposed a hybrid structure of cooperation with the private sector, that is, a model of ‘hybrid defense’. Lastly, in 1983, when tensions between the US and the Soviet Union were in the Cold War, the state-of-the-art scientific equipment, a satellite for detecting nu-clear missiles, recognized the US ICBM launch warning. In response, Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, commander of the Watch Command of the Soviet Air Defense Force, determined through human intuition that this was a computer error. It reexamined the case of preventing World War III by judging computer errors through human intuition, not judgment of scientific equipment, and suggested ethical issues in information warfare.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore and propose a model that allows humans and AI to collaborate in the process of making decisions about ethical issues. Due to AI's autonomy and mission performance capabilities, AI is sometimes viewed as an agent competing with humans. However, since the autonomy and mission performance capabilities of AI are applied at very diverse levels and areas, it is necessary to set certain categories and review their application. This study sought to reveal that more valid decisions can be made by collaborating between humans and AI in the category of ethical decision-making. Method: This study uses methods of literature research and development research. First, using literature re-search to review various previous studies to understand the autonomy of AI in the relationship between humans and AI. Next, analyzing the meaning and characteristics of ethical judgment. Next, looking at a series of models that explain decision making. Second, using development research methods, for design and propose a model in which humans and AI appropriately collaborate in the process of making ethical decisions. Results: The results of this study reveal the following points. First, the results of ethical decision-making by humans and AI involve greater responsibility and related issues than the results of general decision-making. Second, in order to solve these problems, it is necessary to utilize collective intelligence through collective decision-making and at the same time distribute responsibility. Third, as a public and collective entity functioning as a committee, humans become the subjects of final judgment and responsibility, and AI must play a role in actively and functionally assisting such judgment. Fourth, this decision-making process needs to be presented in the form of a model as a principle that can be applied to various specific cases. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study suggests that effective and valid ethical decisions can be made through collaboration between humans and AI in the ethical communication process. And based on this, we present a collaboration model between humans and AI. This model consists of the following steps: First, AI should be actively involved in the process of exploring data sources, collecting data, storing data, and refining and analyzing data for ethical decisions. Second, ethical decisions based on this are made by a human community in the form of a committee as a group thinking process. Third, allow humans and AI to evaluate and exchange opinions on the results of these ethical judgments through mutual feedback and collaboration.

Purpose: This study aims to examine ethical issues following the emergence of ChatGPT, evaluate ChatGPT with a focus on moral competence, and seek ethical solutions. Methods: This study tries to use various literature and various media reports from the East and West dealing with the technology, operation method, and ethical issues of ChatGPT. In the detailed analysis of moral problems following the emergence of ChatGPT, the satisfaction of each element was evaluated based on moral competence, and alternatives were presented. Result: As a result of the study, the ethical issues that can be raised following the emergence of ChatGPT include the possibility of plagiarism and copyright infringement, damage to the fairness of the test, use for criminal purposes, occurrence of social stereotypes and unfair discrimination, invasion of personal privacy and organization's Security exposure, reduced critical thinking, and loss of genuine human relationships. And as a result of evaluating the ethical issues of ChatGPT centering on moral competence, it is evaluated that moral identity, moral sensitivity, and moral practice are possible to implement, but moral judgment is evaluated to have many limitations. In order to solve these ethical problems, a utilitarian approach was proposed. Conclusion: The most optimal decisions and actions related to the design, development, adoption, deployment, maintenance and evolution of ChatGPT should do the most good or the least harm to society. To do this, responsible AI toolkits and frameworks must have an ethical perspective built in, allowing for a balanced view of what is right and wrong. Along with this, a multi-stakeholder approach is needed to create a good AI society.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the possible contribution of AI technology in the field of arms control and non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. This is to alleviate international security threats that have risen again since the post-Cold War and to promote international cooperation. For this purpose, we explore the potential of AI as a tool to provide trust-building and cooperation that is the basis of arms control. Method: This study first explores the basic concepts related to arms control and prevention of proliferation of military technology using the method of literature study. At this time, the scope of research is set as prior research related to AI and military technology. Next, using the method of research study, international issues related to arms control are investigated. In this case, the target of the investigation is the current status data reported through international organizations and press releases known through the media. Finally, using the methods of development research, we develop a model in which AI can intervene and play a role in arms control and prevention of proliferation. In this case, the model is designed to take into account the technical aspects of AI and the application of ethical content at the same time. Results: The use of AI in disarmament through bilateral and multilateral international cooperation is significant in that it explores the possibility of mutual cohesion between AI ethics and military ethics. Such AI can be utilized in the process of collecting and analyzing information provided in the form of big data at each stage of the trust-building model. And based on this, it is possible to secure the basis for policy decision-making in the process of making decisions related to arms control. Conclusion: In arms control and non-proliferation, AI functions as a tool to provide bilateral or multilateral trust and performs the following roles: First, information that is the basis for policy decision-making is collected and analyzed. Second, the basis for policy judgment is provided according to the analysis result of the collected and analyzed information. Third, it functions as a rational tool to justify decision-making and predict the future in the process of internal and external discussions that will continue in the future according to this judgment.

Purpose: This study aims to explore ethical implications by looking at some examples of what ethical issues the advent of AI poses to humans. Method: For this purpose, this study showed 7 cases on AI issues. Results: Case1 is a helper that performs a passive function. Case 2, Case 3, and Case 4 are events that take place in an uncanny valley. Case 5 and Case 6 show that AI plays the role of a major agent in the capitalist market in a new virtual or offline space. In this way, human-to-human, human-to-human AI, AI-to-AI can lead to complex and diverse ownership disputes. Finally, Case 7 is a case in which AI itself performs not only cognitive functions but also emotional functions based on information based on deep learning. Conclusion: AI can change the algorithm initially entered by a human by itself. This is a characteristic different from the civilizations that have arrived in the past. In the cognitive realm, AI has already surpassed humans. In other words, the cognitive singularity has already been occupied by AI. We need to prepare for the next step.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop an English learning program using metaverse that can create a variety of educational environments in a virtual space in the post-COVID era. This study was conducted with culture and art as the content subject, and it was designed so that students could experience various types of metaverse technology and mixed reality to increase their participation in learning and the learning effect. It also introduces effective online learning tools that can be used in metaverse-based English learning programs. Method: Students improve their English skills by examining museums with Google Earth and Art&Culture and exploring exhibits and materials related to Korean cultural assets there, exploring Korean cultural assets and art galleries using VR and AR, and collecting related cultural and artistic materials. . In addition, through the process of creating and presenting materials based on the metaverse, interaction was promoted, so that the understanding of each country's culture and arts and English ability could be improved together. Results: The English learning program presented in this study consists of various tasks such as experiencing culture and art contents through AR and VR, collecting cultural and art-related materials, and producing presentation materials. Roughly speaking, in the introduction part, learning objectives and key expressions are introduced by using the functions of the metaverse platform ZEP and the online learning tool 'edpuzzle', and motivation is induced through videos. In the development stage, AR and VR-based apps such as ZEP, Google Earth, Art & Cul-ture, etc. are used to visit museums in Korea or British and American countries, research related culture and art, and collect data. Then, by specifying the topic for each group, use ZEP, Google Earth, etc. to produce materials that can be presented. After that, practical presentations using ZEP and feedback (instructors and colleagues) are provided. In the final organizing stage, there may be quiz solving using QuizN and sharing opinions about the class through online learning tools such as Jamboard and Padlet. Conclusion: In this program, ZEP, a metaverse platform capable of interactive communication such as various avatars, virtual theme spaces, images, and PDFs, was used to enable task execution and practical interaction. In addition, by using various online learning tools in a new environment and context, students will be able to develop self-directed learning skills, problem-solving skills, and digital literacy skills. Through this metaverse-based English learning program, learners will be able to experience various forms of cultural arts and realistic content, and furthermore, they will be able to participate in convergence cultural thinking expansion and future-oriented clas-ses.