Public Value

Purpose: Hard-boiled mystery fictions were treated as low-level literature simply because they were mostly published in cheap pulp magazines and their readers were mostly uneducated manual workers. Thus, by examining the circumstances of the time portrayed in Dashiell Hammett’s Red Harvest, the influence of Red Harvest on other fields of art and its background, and how Dashiell Hammett viewed the chaotic US society at the time and suggested solutions, the author intends to re-evaluate the value of the hard-boiled mystery fictions. Method: First, this paper is intended to examine the characteristics of the characters in the hard-boiled mystery fiction, the story development, and how Hammett reflects the chaotic US society in the 1920s in his work with focus on Red Harvest. Second, Red Harvest influenced later films Yojimbo and A Fistful of Dollars. By examining how Red Harvest was incorporated into other fields of art. Results: Through Red Harvest, it could be seen that the detective in the hard-boiled mystery fictions was portrayed as a worker demanding remuneration, unlike previous righteous detectives and that the evil, the basis of the story, was not limited to individuals, but was prevalent in social structures such as villains, capitalists, and public authorities, thus reflecting the situation of the time. As a result, the author could find the justification for the hard-boiled mystery fiction to be re-valuated as valuable literature in that it reflected the situation of the time, suggested solutions, and influenced other fields of art. Conclusion: Hard-boiled mystery fictions, in fact, gave the most vivid view of the situation of the time. The need of most ordinary people, who were treated ignorant but in fact supported the chaotic era, for social purification could be seen through the detective. These merits were attractive enough to be incorporated into other fields of art, such as film. Thus, hard-boiled mystery fictions should no longer be treated as low-level literature, and their value should rather be re-evaluated.

Purpose: The career decision-making self-efficacy is a belief about an individual's ability to successfully accomplish a given task. Students do not demonstrate an active attitude when they are faced with various stresses and anxiety about their own career or employment, and even some are passive and self-reliant, and they learn throughout their lives by becoming helpless when faced with numerous challenges due to their lack of responsibility or low self-esteem, thereby demonstrating symptoms of learned helplessness. As a result of the study which identified the relationship between learned helplessness and career path, the students with a high level of learned helplessness had a relatively high percentage of independent and dependent decisions in the overall process such as career selection, search, and decision relative to the students with a low sense of helplessness, and it was also claimed that the children with high learned helplessness showed relatively low means to solve career-related problem situations promptly. Hence, it is evident that by conducting the group art therapy, negative cognition and behavior can be changed through the group interaction and successful experiences in the art therapy process. This paper seeks to specifically examine the effects of group art therapy, which is very useful among the various treatment techniques which can help solve internal problems, on the learned helplessness and career decision making self-efficacy formed through the repeated failures. Method: Twenty mentally challenged high school students enrolled in special classes at average high schools were assigned to the experimental group and 10 to the control group. The group program was conducted twice a week, for a total of 10 sessions of 80 minutes per session. For the prepost-additional-tests on learned helplessness and career decision making self-efficacy, repeated measure analysis of variance and simple main effect analysis were performed. Results: The experimental group in receipt of the group art therapy program was statistically significantly higher in the learned helplessness and career decision making self-efficacy scores than the control group both after and additional. Such results are meaning in that they help not only the mentally challenged high school students who are about to graduate, but also the mentally challenged high school students currently enrolled in the school to increase their self-confidence and self-esteem to ensure that they can make career choices that align with the reality through the positive understanding of themselves and the correct perception related changes. Conclusion: The group art therapy helps to address issues and problems through deep insight into one's inner self, and helps to improve the self-esteem by having a positive self-image, further to being an important factor for improvement. Hence, through this study, the group art therapy program should make an active effort to give a sense of achievement for the human growth, convert negative motives to positive motives, and diversify the scope of application of group art therapy programs for addressing realistic problems.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the various influencing factors that influencer channel characteristics have on users, targeting university students who are the main users of various social media after the pandemic. Method: in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 college students to investigate their influencer usage behaviors, explore factors affecting their use, and develop a related research model. Results: First of all, in the early days of using content, they encountered content for reasons such as topicality, information, friend recommendation, and curiosity, and there was a tendency to select content based on similar tastes through algorithm and friend recommendation. In particular, the highly topical contents of influencers recommended by friends played an important role in forming peer culture with friends. It was found that sincerity and candor revealed in the content were important factors influencing the period when an influencer's channel was subscribed and used continuously and intimacy was formed. When they felt their sincerity and honesty, they realized that they were different from other influencers and continued to watch them. It was found that the interaction factor plays a decisive role in forming intimacy with influencers and continuously using the channel for more than 3 months, forming a fandom and recommending content to others. Conclusion: This usage behavior of college students has great implications for companies that want to pro-mote and market through the influencer channel. As the factors that affect users vary depending on when they use the influencer channel, a promotional strategy that reflects this is needed. In addition, as integrity and honesty are important factors in building users' trust, it should be given more important value than anything else in maintaining and managing channels.

Purpose: The successful adaptation of students to college life is an important factor that significantly influences success or failure in life after college as well and it also correlates with the success or failure of important periods of life. Therefore, although many researchers have studied adaptation to college, so far studies have mainly focused on academic adaptation. However, as adaptation to college life includes not only academics but also various factors such as interpersonal relationships and emotional adaptation, it is also important to shed light on the relationship between variables other than academics and college life adaptation. This study aims to reveal important information that helps college students adapt to school by examining in detail how empathy and self-acceptance affect adaptation to college life. Method: Questionnaires about empathy, self-acceptance, and adaptation to college life were administered to 345 college students, and the analyses were performed based on the data of 318 students who answered faith-fully. First, a correlation analysis was conducted to confirm the relationship between each variable, and a variance analysis was conducted to see if there were any differences in empathy, self-acceptance, and adaptation to college life according to school year and gender. Finally, in order to comprehensively confirm the relationship be-tween the three variables, AMOS 22.0 was used to analyze the structural equations. Results: The results of the analysis indicated there was a significant correlation between empathy and self-acceptance and adaptation to college life. The results of examining whether there were any significant differences among the three variables according to gender and school year, showed that, in the case of empathy, female students' empathy was higher than that of male students, and there was no difference in self-acceptance according to gender. In the case of adaptation to college life, male students showed higher rates. In terms of differences by school year, there was no difference in empathy and self-acceptance, and there was a significant difference in college life adaptation by school year. Post-hoc analysis(Scheffe method) was performed to confirm specific differences by school year, but no significant differences were found. Examining the relationship between empathy, self-acceptance, and adaptation to college life, empathy had a positive effect on adaptation to college life and self-acceptance. Self-acceptance also had a positive effect on adaptation to college life. Conclusion: This study is intended to specifically elucidate the effect of empathy and self-acceptance on adaptation to college life. It was found that empathy and self-acceptance had a positive effect on adaptation to college life as predicted in this study. Also, it was confirmed that self-acceptance had a mediating influence on the effect of empathy on adaptation to college life. The results will be used as important data for various activities to improve adaptation to college life. This suggests that improving empathy and self-acceptance abilities should be included as an important factor in the process of developing a future program for college life adaptation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the effect of job satisfaction of the beauty service providers, which is highly dependent on human resources such as technology and services, on the goal orientation for public value. Method: The questionnaire method was used for women in their 20s and 50s. The questionnaire was consisted of job satisfaction, goal orientedness, and demographic variables. Frequency, percentage, and average were calculated, and to learn about the relationship between job satisfaction and goal orientedness, the multiple regression analysis was performed. Results: In terms of the effect of job satisfaction on learning avoidance among the goal orientations, only the salary satisfaction variable turned out to have a statistically significant negative(-) effect. In [Model 1], in terms of the effect of job satisfaction on performance approach and learning approach among the goal orientations, only the job satisfaction variable turned out to have a statistically significant positive(+) effect. In [Model 2], it turned out that the job satisfaction variable and the boss satisfaction variable had a statistically significant positive(+) effect. Conclusion: For the job satisfaction of beauty service providers, it will be necessary to improve the job environment and job conditions. Accordingly, it is expected that this study will serve as the basic data for understanding the improvement of the work environment of beauty service providers and also be used as the marketing data for beauty servicemen who are aiming for a goal.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the core competencies, the developmental stages of competency, and the learning patterns of lifelong education instructors at local culture centers in department stores that function as a representative lifelong education institution attached to a company. Method: This study performed a qualitative case study. This included an in-depth interview with 8 people who have 25-35 years of experience as lifelong education instructors at culture centers in department stores. For the data analysis, thematic analysis and contents analysis methods were used. For the analysis framework of this study, Gardner's I/D/F system approach(individual/domain/field system approach: I/D/F) model, which was suggested in the theoretical background, was used. Results: The study derived three competency factors, three stages of competency development, and three learning types of lifelong education instructors at culture centers in department stores. Conclusion: First, there were three components of competency development of lifelong education instructors at culture centers in department stores: (1)knowledge and skills, (2)emotion regulation, and (3)performance and reflection. Second, the competency development stages of lifelong education instructors at culture centers in department stores were divided into three stages: (1)novice instructors → (2)professional instructors → (3)Outstanding instructors. Third, the learning types that promote the competency development of lifelong education instructors in culture centers in department stores were as follows: (1)learning by modeling, (2)learning by trial and error, and (3)anticipatory·creative learning.

Purpose: This study examined and understood the relationship between the parent-child conversation time, self-directed learning time, and grid in the middle school students' smartphone dependence, and verified the mediating effect of the parent-child conversation time and the self-directed learning time in the relationship between the smartphone dependence and the grid. Method: By using the data from the 2018 Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, the relationship between the variables was analyzed through the multiple regression analysis targeting 2378 first-year middle school students. Results: First, the smartphone dependence had a negative effect on the parent-child conversation time and grid, and the parent-child conversation time had a positive effect on the grid. Furthermore, it turned out that the smartphone dependence partially mediates the conversation time of parents and children and affects the grid of the middle school students. Second, the smartphone dependence had a negative effect on the self-directed learning time and grid, and the self-directed learning time had a positive effect on the grid. Furthermore, it turned out that the smartphone dependence partially mediates the self-directed learning time and affects the grid of the middle school students. Conclusion: As the parents and children spend more time on conversation, their children's smartphone dependence decreases, and as the grid is high, positive communication between the parents and children at home increases the children's grid, which may have a positive effect on their academic achievement and life satisfaction. In order to increase the grid, the factors such as the self-directed learning must be considered together.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the effect of the SNS related marketing activities, which have recently emerged as an essential element for each club, including professional sports federations or associations, on the confidence in club and the intention to watch, and the direction of marketing activities related to professional sports. and assist with strategy formulation. Method: In this study, as of 2022, 260 fans of the four major domestic professional sports (professional baseball, professional soccer, professional volleyball, and professional basketball) were surveyed and the convenience sampling method was used as the sampling method, while the survey was conducted by the self-administration method. Among the collected questionnaires, 253 questionnaires were used as the valid samples, excluding the data with insincere responses or omission of some of the contents of the survey. The measurement tool was a questionnaire, and the data processing is the SPSS 23.0 Program, a statistical package program, and the frequency analysis, reliability verification, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and the multiple regression were performed. Results: In this study, as a result of factor analysis and reliability verification, the SNS related marketing activities turned out to be event factor (α=.884), information factor (α=.871), and advertisement factor (α=.814), and confidence in club was classified as a confidence in club factor (α=.887), and intention to watch was classified as an intention to watch factor (α=.912). Furthermore, the SNS related marketing activities (event factor, information factor, and advertisement factor) affect the confidence in club, and the SNS related marketing activities (event factor, information factor, advertisement factor) affect the intention to watch, while the confidence in club was found to have an effect on the intention to watch. Conclusion: In this study, the SNS related marketing activities of professional sports clubs affect the confidence in club and the intention to watch, and related organizations including professional sports clubs that are developing the SNS related marketing activities or planning the SNS related marketing activities in the future rather than providing information at the strategic level of ticket sales and publicity, from the consumer's point of view, will need to identify information related to their needs and desires, truly understand consumers, and provide the desired information appropriately through strengthening a reciprocal relationship to ensure that they can feel satisfaction. Furthermore, in the social media environment, it is necessary to develop diverse contents through various methods to accurately understand the interests of advertisement audiences and satisfy their needs, and it is determined to have a positive effect on in club and intention to watch, and professional sports clubs should use SNS related marketing activities more actively, and professional sports clubs will need to use the SNS related marketing activities far more actively.

Purpose: Korea's MZ generation is a coined term that refers to both millennials (M) and generation Z. They have distinct personal values, are proficient in using digital media, and show characteristics of value consumption and conspicuous consumption. Therefore, in this study, among the qualitative research methods, the phenomenological research method was used to explore in depth in order to find out the perception and attitude toward the MZ generation's first tattoo participation process and re-tattoo experience. Method: Five active MZ generation participants who can reflect the most realistic information and experience according to the research topic and have tattoo experience were selected as a nomadic sampling method. The data analysis of the in-depth interview contents was analyzed according to the four-step method suggested by Giorgi. Results: As a result of the study, 93 semantic units, 24 sub-components, and 6 components were finally derived. The contents of the components were identified as tattoo participation motivation, SNS use, tattoo recognition change, tattoo addiction experience, negative factors, and positive factors. Conclusion: In the process of participating in the first tattoo in the life of the MZ generation, it was confirmed that tattoos exposed through SNS or mass media arouse curiosity, and the characteristics of value consumption and conspicuous consumption are reflected in tattoo participation. In addition, it was found that the tattoo participation decision time was gradually shortened as the tattoo was recognized as an accessory of the body. Through these research results, it is expected that tattoos can have realistic scalability in the cosmetic field.

Purpose: The Korean Peninsula of the Northeast Asia is the only divided country in the world, and unlike South Korea, North Korea is isolated from against the rest of the international community due to the socialist ideology and oppression of its dictatorship, and the human rights of the North Koreans are very serious given the economic sanctions. The number of the North Korean defectors is increasing each day. Hence, through the job satisfaction according to the period of service of the security police, who can directly or indirectly support the North Korean defectors in South Korea, which is the most frequently selected by North Korean defectors, a plan for the North Korean defectors for settling in the South Korean society has been presented. Method: In this study, among police officers in the security department as of 2020 who had experience in work related North Korean defectors, 100 trainees in the Police Human Resources Development Institute were surveyed via self-administration method. Among the collected survey questionnaires, 91 were selected as valid samples, excluding those whose answers were incomplete or missing. Results: First, there is a difference in the job satisfaction according to the total period of service in the police organization. As a result of the analysis performed, Q-3 and Q-4 were high at the 5% level. As for Q-5, 20 years or longer turned out to be higher at 1% level than 6 or longer and 10 years and less and 11 or more years and 15 years or less. Q-3 is a response for “I have considerable discretion in performing my job.” Q-4 is a response for “I think that the division of duties and the relationship of authority and responsibility among the organizational employees are clarified and efficient work assignment is made.” Second, there is a difference in the police’s job satisfaction according to security and service period among police organizations. As a result of the analysis performed, at the level of 5%, as for Q-1, 10 years or longer turned out to be more satisfied with their current job and position as a police officer than 2 years or less. Q-1 is a response for "I don't think the salary level is low compared to my job." Conclusion: Given the unfortunate political and historical experiences of the South Korean society, there is a critical perception of the security police, and it is necessary to strengthen the capabilities of the security police to support the North Korean defectors. Naturally, there may be criticisms as such, but it is worth considering scholarly from the point of view of the modern liberal state philosophy such that the state exists to protect the lives and bodies of the people and human security, which has gradually expanded its scope entering the 21st century.