International journal of crisis & safety

The purpose of the article is to examine whether and how the regime value approach proposed by John Rohr can be applied to the learning of administrative ethics in South Korea. It focuses on the issue of unification as a critical regime value among others in Korea. Unification is a good example as a regime value in Korea because its Constitution emphasizes the mission of peaceful unification based on the principles of freedom and democracy. Furthermore, a pre-dominant number of the people agree with the fact that unification is an unchangeable supreme task for Koreans. To begin with the history of Korea’s division unintended by the people, the article describes and analyzes why Korea was divided and should be reunified. The success of unification as a regime value heavily depends on how to resolve its tension with the need for national security. Korean administrators need to pay special attention to such a subtle dilemma whenever they use unification as a criterion for decision-making and administrative discretion. Rohr argues that the opinions of the Supreme Court are the most suitable teaching device in the US. In Korea, the decisions made by the Constitutional Court, not the Supreme Court, are “dialectic,” including concurring and dissenting opinions, so they will be excellent teaching devices to help learners experience diverse political opinions and Korean values. In administrative fields, they will also be great guidelines for right and wise decision-makings in the Korean context. In addition to those decisions, Korean values can be found in a wide variety of sources, which include the writings and speeches of prominent political leaders, campaign platforms, scholarly interpretations of Korean history, and literary works of all kinds. These various teaching devices as well as the living and concrete guideline like regime values will en-able present and future administrators, who have often lost right ways, to make ethical decision-makings in the Korean context and to overcome ethical crisis that still remains in Korean bureaucracy. However, there may be a cultural obstacle such as Confucianism for regime values to be successfully embedded in real bureaucracy. Confucianism greatly influences a way of thinking of Koreans and the substantial operation of the Korean administrative system. Its major values such as “Harmony,” “loyalty” and “consensus” sometimes outweigh individual consciousness or ethical decisions to be secured by the status of public servants.

This study investigates safety accidents in physical education classes which account for the largest part of the elementary school safety accidents and increasing year by year. This study is carried out in order to provide general understanding of the concept of safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes and to suggest ways to prevent safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes through previous re-search results and literature data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes based on previous studies and literature data and to suggest measures against safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes after analyzing the actual conditions of safety accidents occur in physical education classes. The concept of safety accidents in physical education classes collectively refers to all kinds of accidents in relation to physical education classes. Assuming that daily physical educations are resting on elementary school physical education classes, positive experiences in physical education are expected to have great effects on a child even after he/she is grown up. Therefore, physical education classes must be safe and safety management for physical education classes must be in place. Safety accident occurrences in physical education classes were observed to be increasing every year. It was also found that nearly half of the teachers had experienced safety accidents. Also, male teachers had more incidents of safety accident than female teachers. Higher rate of safety accident occurrences in elementary school was observed in students in higher grades. Fractures were the most frequent, followed by lacerations, tooth(mouth) injuries, sprains, and concussions. Among all bodily injuries head injury showed the highest number of 9,836 incidents, followed by hands, feet, teeth(mouthy), legs and thoracic abdomen. Some of the safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes were caused by students' carelessness, failures to follow instructions and mischievous behaviors. And some others were caused by teachers' carelessness, insufficiency in managing children and lack of safety training and facilities and teaching aids that are old, inadequate and nonconforming. In order to improve safety in elementary school physical education classes, firstly, safety awareness should be raised and training for physical education classes must be continuously made. Secondly, prevention systems such as safety inspections should be strengthened and safety management of facilities should be improved. Thirdly, safe and enjoyable physical education classes should be conducted through implementing new teaching aids.

The start of lifestyle sports in Korea began in 1962 with the introduction of the National Physical Education Promotion Act, but due to economic difficulties, it only started in earnest from the 1980s. In 1986, the National Physical Education Promotion Long-term Plan was established and with the establishment of the National Physical Promotion Comprehensive Plan in 1990 and the first National Physical Promotion 5-year plan in 1993, and the second 5-year National Physical Promotion Plan in 1998, lifestyle sports began to emerge in earnest and its development began. The purpose of this study is to understand the current state of physical education facilities in rural areas and to analyze the safety consciousness according to physical injuries caused by physical education facility management and users and also to raise consciousness in the safety issues that arises from using physical education facilities. In 1995, as local self governing government heads began to be directly elected, local governments began to have the characteristic of local residents directly participating in local governance. As a consequence, local governments established lifestyle sports policies to meet the demands of local residents to participate in sports, and implemented policies which activate lifestyle sports to allow the activation of community-centered lifestyle sports. From 2006 to 2010, facilities for sports and leisure were established with the goal of establishing 2 to 3 sports facilities in each of the eup, myeon and dongs(Korean scale for categorizing cities), and small-scale exercise facilities were installed in places easily accessible to nearby residents. However, since most of the subjects using these physical facilities are elderly people, the injury rate is high when using these physical exercise facilities as they lack knowledge on the safety procedures and knowledge on systematic sports activities, sports safety and skills. In particular, the rural population in Korea is composed of a typical aged society, and the percentage of sports injuries is very high in comparison to the population because there are many elderly people whose cognitive abilities are poor. The safety management area for using physical education facilities can be divided into physical management, work management, and the personal management of physical education facility users. The results of this study are as follows. 1)Physical activity safety accidents are caused most frequently by personal mistakes of the users. Therefore, regular education on the use of physical facilities and exercise equipment and safety rules is necessary and physical trainer placement is also necessary. 2)It is necessary to provide administrative support for regular inspection and management of facility safety. 3)In case of an accident, first aid measures and communication with related organizations should be prepared. As mentioned above, such measures will contribute to reducing physical injuries of sports facility users in rural areas and raise awareness on sports safety.

Safety education for children is to help them to live a healthy life by learning safety knowledge, attitude and function to protect themselves from danger. In order to achieve effective safety education for children, knowledge and competence of early childhood teachers on safety education should be premised. However, in relation to the contents of safety education, the early childhood teachers perceived media safety and environmental safety to be low. A low awareness of media and environmental safety will result in a lower level of practice in safety education have. That is why new education methods related to media and environmental safety are urgently needed. In media safety, it is necessary to cultivate proper capacity to block harmful media. It is necessary to look at the information provided by the media from a critical and analytical point of view and to cultivate the ability to accept the necessary information discreetly from a young age . In environmental safety, it requires a change of values in order to solve environmental problems. In order to do this, it is important to establish accurate values and to develop critical and analytical perspectives. Debate is the right education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the debate method on the pre-service early childhood teachers in media and environmental safety education. The purpose of this study was to examine 21 grade-3 students who took a course on child safety management at A University in Gangwon-do using the learning achievement and the life core competency test tool. As a result of applying the debate method to the media and environmental safety education in this study, it was found that there was a significant effect on achievement of learning goals, problem solving and communication ability. In debate, since the deviation of the utilization ability as well as the knowledge acquisition is clearly visualized and the ability to communicate through refutations, questions and answers was performed as the main factors, the early childhood teachers can recognize the weakness of their weakness and can be able to 'learn well'.