International journal of crisis & safety

Purpose: For safety purpose, the airline has a safety education and management system for flight crew and cabin crew so that they can accurately understand and deliver how to deal with emergency situations and how to use emergency equipment. In order to ensure the safety of passengers in unexpected emergencies, passengers must also familiarize themselves with safety information and emergency escape tips. In response, this study applied planning behavior theory to explore the impact relationship between passengers' perception of aviation safety information on aviation safety behavioral intentions. Method: This study conducted an online survey of people with less than a year of air travel experience and collected 352 copies. The final 341 copies of the data, except for 11 copies of the unfaithful answer sheet, were used for empirical analysis and hypothesis verification through statistical programs in SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. Results: Perceptions of aviation safety information have significant implications for aviation safety attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control. This study shows that perceptions of aviation safety information have a significant positive relationship with aviation safety behavioral intention. On the other hand, the relationship between aviation safety subjective norms and aviation safety behavioral intention does not have significant positive influence. Conclusion: The lack of awareness of aviation safety information by passengers in the event of an aircraft accident may lead to more casualties due to the inability to respond effectively to emergencies. This study investigates the relationship between perception, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and behavioral intentions of aviation safety. Therefore, to raise perception of aviation safety information, it is necessary to inform the importance of being directly connected to individual lives and to study that passengers can judge and control themselves through aviation safety education and information provision.

Purpose: Safety Accidents have caused many victims and injuries around the world at various Events held by crowds. The importance of safety did not start yesterday, it will be even more important in Event venues crowded with the multitude. Method: Therefore, in this study, Event-related accidents occurred in Korea were examined, and Safety Fences, which play an important role of safety facilities at Events, were examined to prevent recurrence of similar accidents. Results: Safety Accidents have occurred due to various Events due to the development of local self-government and the Performance culture industry. There is a need to establish standards for Safety Fences in preparation for Safety Accidents at Events. Conclusion: When it is necessary to establish the standards for Safety Fences in consideration of the behavioral characteristics of the audience according to the characteristics of the Event, and it is necessary to establish a standard for proper use of products capable of bearing weights of load strength.

Purpose: Since the beginning of times, humans have had to deal with food, clothing, and shelter. As they evolved and progressed, they did not have any medium of protection when dangers emerged from the environment, like animals. The origins of the army, was as a group of humans who had to protect themselves. Camouflage started when humans had to protect themselves from other humans, rather than animals or external factors, so they needed an additional protection apart from weapons. Method: This study concluded that military camouflage pattern characteristics were concealment, display, and distortion, respectively. Based on these features, camouflage makeup patterns were conceived. Concealment is hiding in order to permeate terrain in a war; showiness is a means of showing one’s rank or situation by means of a military uniform; and distortion is similar showing a distorted appearance by concealing it. Results: Based on Camouflage Art, which shows us as if we're one in our surroundings.Using the camouflage characteristics of the military look, three works were made with makeup, symbolic colors were added to make each characteristic visible, and objects were used to express them. Conclusion: This work is a research on makeup patterns that use protective media such as camouflage in crisis. It is believed that this study can have a good influence not only in the industrial application of beauty but also in the military and fashion circles.

Purpose: The purpose of this analysis is to provide the basic data for the prevention of knee joint damages by analyzing differences in the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints as per the pitching speed of 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities. Method: The subjects of this study were 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities, whose length of experiences were 2 to 7 years. By measuring the pitching speed, they were classified as S1 group whose maximum ball speed was 110km/h or greater, S2 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 110km/h to 100km/h or greater, and S3 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 100km/h, respectively. The isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints was measured for all of the 3 groups, and the strength of the left and right flexors and extensors were measured at 60°, 180°, and 240°, respectively. The data processing for this study was performed by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program to calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of the items, and the one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences for each item by group, while using the Tukey method as an ex post analysis between the groups. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression was performed to identify the influence of the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints according to the angular speed on the pitching speed. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05, respectively. Results: The results of measuring the isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints are as follows. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 60°, the S1 group turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left flexors and extensors than S3 group. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 180°, the S1 and S2 groups turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left extensors than the S3 group. As for the PT measured at an angular speed of 240°, S1 and S2 groups in the left extensor turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) than S3 group. As for the WPR, S1 group turned out to be significantly(p<.05) higher than S3 group. The results of performing the multiple linear regression are as follows with a view to discover the effect of isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints on the pitching speed. At the angular speeds of 180° and 240°, the regression segments of the left knee joint extensors for both the PT and WPR turned out to have a significant effect at the 5% level. R2, which is the explanatory power of the regression model which explains changes in the pitching speed for the left knee joint extensors, turned out to have an explanatory power in the range of 37.9-55.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Gathering the results above, it turned out that the higher the pitching speed for the group, the superior the muscular function, and in particular, the extensors on the left side demonstrated such remarkably pronounced characteristics. Such results suggest that the extensor muscles could influence the pitching speed for the stretching motion(acceleration) of the left legs during the pitching. Furthermore, in order to prevent injuries, attention ought to be paid to strengthening the counter muscular of the muscles which are primarily used.

Purpose: The study examines the impact of Safety Awareness on the Selection Attributes, Satisfaction, and continuation of participants' participation, which not only affects the management of Water Leisure Sports facilities but also affects the image of sports events due to safety accidents. In addition, the purpose is to provide basic data necessary for promoting Safety Awareness and developing education services and establishing specific strategies to revitalize the water leisure industry in the Water Leisure Sports industry with high growth functionality. Method: In this study, 250 users of the Daegu-Gyeongbuk area water leisure center were the subjects of the study, and a questionnaire was conducted using the convenience sampling method. By adopting the self-evaluation writing method, the survey respondents were asked to see the questionnaire and mark it in the corresponding section.A valid sample is a questionnaire of 223 people using data from 250 final responders who are unresponsive or missing part of the survey. For data processing, after collecting the distributed questionnaire, data that are judged to be inadequate or unreliable in response are excluded from the research subject. After inputting the data that can be analyzed individually into the computer, statistical verification was performed with the statistical package programs SPSS Program 25.0 and AMOS 18.0 according to the purpose of data analysis. The structural equation modeling was used as an empirical statistical method. Results: In this study, there was a statistically significant correlation between most of the variables, and since the values of all correlation coefficients did not exceed .8, there was no multicollinearity problem. Model goodness-of-fit verification has shown to satisfy all the goodness-of-fit indices. As a result of hypothesis verification, first, it was found that safety Safety Awareness has an effect on the Selection Attributes(β=.098, t=1.532, p<.001).Second, Safety Awareness was found to have an effect on Satisfaction(β=.117, t=2.724, p<.001). Third, Safety Awareness was found to have an effect on Continued Participation(β=.136, t=3.457, p<.001). Therefore, the following activities must be undertaken such as safe driving of Water Leisure Sports users, securing of systematically trained experts, thorough safety education before activities, expansion and financial investment of safety facilities and safety equipment, qualification training of water sports safety management personnel, and supplementation of legal systems, etc. After that, it can raises participants' sense of safety and makes them feel satisfied.Finally, it will help expand the base of Water Leisure Sports and revive related industries. Conclusion: Safety Awareness was found to have a positive effect on the Selection Attributes, Satisfaction, and Continued Participation. Therefore, development and implementation of educational programs for accident prevention at Water Leisure Sports facilities or workplaces, pre-training for quick action in the event of an accident, and compensation for follow-up measures and safety education are required. In addition, related agencies need to make constant efforts to protect valuable lives and popularize Water Leisure Sports by developing safety management tasks for users through strengthening the crackdown on violations of the law and revise the regulation due to active efforts and securing many experts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the learning and emotional difficulties that students with ADHD tendencies experienced at a local university where its’ learning environment has changed dramatically due to the crisis of COVID-19. The differences in learning behaviors, online learning satisfaction, and university satisfaction according to university students’ ADHD tendencies, gender, and the level of emotional difficulties such as depression and anger were investigated. The effects of the coexistence of ADHD tendencies and emotional difficulties on those differences were also examined. Method: A total of 1,032 students in the K university at Daegu participated in this study. The learning behaviors, online learning satisfaction, university satisfaction, and the level of emotional difficulties including depression and anger were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed, first, using t-test in order to examine the differences according to ADHD tendencies, gender, and the level of emotional difficulties. Next, the participants were divided into four groups according to their ADHD tendencies/depression level and ADHD tendencies/anger level, and then t-test and ANOVA were conducted. Finally, two-way ANOVA was implemented to investigate whether the differences among those four groups differed by gender. Results: First, university students with ADHD tendencies tended to be more passive and neglected in their learning than those without ADHD tendencies. And, their online learning satisfaction and university satisfaction were also significantly lower than those of students without ADHD tendencies. Second, while female students were more active in learning and their level of online learning satisfaction and university satisfaction were higher than those of male students, they also showed higher levels of emotional difficulties such as depression and anger than male students. Third, the learning behavior, online learning satisfaction, and university satisfaction of the students, who had the coexistence of ADHD tendencies and emotional difficulties such as depression or anger, were significantly lower than those of students who had not, regardless of their gender. Conclusion: This study shows that there are differences in learning behavior, online learning satisfaction, university satisfaction, and emotional difficulties of university students according to their ADHD tendencies and gender. As COVID-19 shows no signs of subsidence, universities in Korea are more likely to offer online classes in 2021 again. At the same time, the problem of depression and anger among university students is likely to become even more serious due to prolonged COVID-19. This study indicates that university students' ADHD tendencies, gender, and emotional difficulties need to be considered in order to effectively implement online learning in Korean universities in the COVID-19 crisis.

Purpose: This study was to identify the trends of laughter therapy and to analyze the effect size of laughter therapy Method: KISS, KMDB, KERIS and the National Assembly Library was searched for relevant journals by using the following key words ‘laughter treatment’, ‘laughter intervention’ and ‘laughter therapy’. 48 journals were included in this study. Data were analyzed using CMA ver. 2.0 and effect size was calculated by ‘the standardized mean difference Results: The major findings of this study were as follows. 1)The overall effect size of laughter therapy was 0.668. 2)The sub-group effect size were social(0.863), psycho-somatic(0.836), emotional(0.775), psychological(0.679), physiological(0.464), physical(0.653) by each. 3)As the laughter therapy program, the effect size of only laughing therapy was larger than parallel therapy and the effect size of 4 step program was larger than 3 step program. More program in a week was larger effect size of laughter therapy. Conclusion: It might be useful for this study to review systematic research on laughter therapy in Korean journals. Laughter therapy was also effective therapy for people and develop program based on knowledge from laughter therapy research.

Purpose: The integrated art play using safety-related picture books is as the effect of structure comprehension and inference comprehension on the safety-related story structure of disabled children is verified, it provides basic data on safety education using safety-related picture books in the future. Method: The activities were conducted five times a week and a total of 70 times over 14 weeks, and safety-related picture book activities done until week 1 to 7 were presented repeatedly in 8 to 14 weeks. The inspection tool was used by Mikyung Park, which consists of questions from 1 to 10 for story structure comprehension, and questions from 11 to 14 for story inference comprehension. It was scored 2 for voluntary answers, 1 for clue-provided answers, and 0 for non-response, a total of 21 points can be obtained in story structure comprehension, and 16 points in story inference comprehension. Results: The analysis results showed that all children in the study scored higher in the post-test examination compared to the pre-examination, but in the story reference comprehension, there were children with the same score in the pre-examination and post-mortem examination. In other words, integrated art plays using safety-related picture books were found to be more effective in promoting story structure comprehension than in story reference comprehension for disabled infants. Conclusion: According to the research results, reading safety-related picture books and then playing integrated art can be seen as helping infants with disabilities improve their knowledge related to safety or problem-solving skills. It also suggests that integrated art play activities, including art, music, and dramatic elements, are suitable ways to help infants with disabilities learn how to solve problems and participate in voluntary activities, and to understand the need for safety and the overall content of the picture book.

Purpose: The pension insurance fund serves as the lifeline for a majority of Chinese people due to its close connection with people’s personal interests. Method: The increasing severity of becoming an aging society, compounded with the requirement of preserving and increasing the value of the basic pension insurance fund, has made the investment and management of the pension insurance fund especially important. Results: With more than 30 years of experience running a pension insurance fund, South Korea(ROK) has implemented a set of standardized investment policies for pension insurance investment, together with an actuarial mechanism, boasting relatively high transparency in terms of information disclosure. This study analyzes the actual effectiveness of investment policies and operation efficiency of the ROK pension insurance fund. Subsequently a summation and assessment of the fundamental features and experiences in its operation and investment are provided. Conclusion: This paper then produces insights and advice on reforming and optimizing the investment and operation of the Chinese pension insurance fund, in hopes that these suggestions can play a positive role in supporting the sustainable, healthy development of the pension insurance fund in China.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review denuclearization talks between the US and DPRK and map out policy alternatives for South Korea by analyzing Trump’s strategy toward the DPRK. The denuclearization of North Korea remains an important issue for the security of Northeast Asia and has been the subject of a variety of negotiation strategies. Despite the failure of previous negotiations to achieve the objective of denuclearization, they still hold important lessons for ongoing efforts. Method: This paper analyzes the negotiations between North Korea and the United States(US) through the lens of Fisher and Ury's model of principled negotiations. It offers the possibility for dealing with some of the most intractable and potentially destructive conflicts, such as that surrounding a nuclear deal with the DPRK. In particular, Fisher and Ury’s negotiation model can be a suitable analysis framework for denuclearization talks between the US and DPRK because it raises the prospect of a win-win situation for all the entities. Results: First, for the rational solution of the negotiation, the South Korean government has to differentiate issues from actors. Second, we need to focus on benefits or interests rather than positions. The positions taken in the negotiations must reflect the central interest or purpose, that of denuclearization, rather than political interests, which may be just a modified populism. Third, we need to focus on the benefits of a denuclearization settlement between the US and North Korea. If the denuclearization negotiations between the US and North Korea are concluded and the DPRK agrees to complete denuclearization, economic cooperation between the two Koreas will be accelerated and it will be a win-win situation for both parties. Fourth, in the process of denuclearization talks, South Korea has to keep consistency based on objective criteria. South Korean government has to obtain the consent of all actors by mapping out a roadmap for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Conclusion: As the negotiation process for the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula may take a long time and may not be smooth due to conflicting interest(or at least, in Fisher and Ury’s terminology, positions), it is important that as a first step, the three parties can agree on a definition of denuclearization and its constituent elements. As part of this process, South Korea should be able to present a credible denuclearization roadmap that can construct a consensus between North Korea and the US.