Regulations

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to discuss characteristics of China’s legal warfare and its strategic implications to ongoing regional disputes in Asia Pacific. The study aims to present the origin, major characteristics, cases of legal warfare by China. Additionally, the study will argue that China’s legal warfare will highly likely to be implemented in future politico-military conflicts at the Korean Peninsula, too. Method: This article presents the origin, major characteristics, cases of legal warfare of China, and its possible implications to the security of Korea. In order to proceed the study, various academic references are quoted in this article; including other journal articles, books, and governmental publications. Results: Based on the study, the following findings can be deduced. First, legal warfare of China is originated from the idea of unrestricted warfare in the late 1990s; as an asymmetrical approach to evade military superiority of the U.S and gain strategic initiative at politico-military conflicts in East Asia. Second, the originality of China’s legal warfare is that it uses legal systems as a political and diplomatic weapon: 1)to undermine adversary’s activities; and 2)to justify its own measures at international disputes. Consequently, legal warfare by China can be conducted in both offensive and defensive manners. And third, China’s legal warfare is already applied in practice at a number of regional disputes; such as ongoing conflicts at the East China Sea, the South China Sea, and the Taiwan Strait. Conclusion: As strategic competition between the U.S. and China is getting fierce, geopolitical vulnerability of the Korean Peninsula can be heightened in the present and future. It will make legal warfare by China more substantial challenge to the national security of Korea. Therefore, Korea needs to develop capabilities and systems to effectively deal with threats from China’s legal warfare.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prepare a criminal law response system through criminal sanctions in order to prevent the seriousness of hate expressions and hate crimes that have recently been a social problem. this study aims to examine the problems of hate expression, examine the necessity of state intervention, that is, criminal punishment, and examine legislation related to regulation in detail. Method: First of all, this study tries to define the meaning of hate expression. This is because there is no unified definition of hate expression. Second, I would like to examine the response to hate expressions in Britain, Germany, the United States, and Japan through comparative legal considerations. Third, it examines whether freedom of expression can be restricted under the constitution in relation to freedom of expression, which is a fundamental right under the constitution. Fourth, the nature of hate expression and the necessity of criminal punishment are reviewed in relation to the criminal punishment regulations for hate expression. To do this, it reviews the decision of the Constitutional Court. Finally, I would like to make a prudent proposal for the anti-discrimination law that regulates hate speech. Previous studies on hate expression mainly focus on the definition of hate expression, foreign legislative examples of hate expression, and research on the harmfulness of hate expression. Results: Expression of hate is “public remarks that express disgust or incite violence toward individuals or groups based on race, religion, gender, region, or gender identity”. Or, it can be defined as "expressing hostility as communication that can cause violence against a certain group, and dismantling the community by stigmatizing and persecuting social minorities." Since hate expression is an act of killing the soul, state intervention is justified. Hate speech must be regulated through criminal punishment, cannot be protected indefinitely by freedom of expression, and must be reviewed comprehensively with democratic values. Conclusion: Hatred is not simply an emotion of dislike. Hatred has no expiration date if it spreads through ideology and collectively created, educated, and learned. Cruel hatred has also led politicians and powerful people to scapegoat irresistible people by using the anger directed at them. Hate expression infringes on the dignity of each individual member of the target group. In particular, if the expression of hatred against a specific group or social minority who has been discriminated against for a long period of time violates human dignity and values.

Purpose: College life is perhaps the largest task of college students during the late period of their youth in their developmental phase, which is also a crucial task directly leading to their future satisfaction of life. However, college students in Korea are admitted without a proper preparation due to their academic centric education and blind focus on grades and scores, thereby undergoing much confusion in the process. This paper presents data of importance to help a successful adaptation to college life by clarifying the effect of the learned helplessness formed through the repeated failures on the adaptation to college life in detail. While previous studies have been limited on the effect of the learned helplessness on the learning process, this study seeks to specifically verify the effect on the adaptation to college life. Method: By undertaking reference research, the factors impeding the successful adaptation to college life are identified, while the concept, characteristics, and the basic aspects of the factors are summarized, and how the factors cause a negative effect on the adaptation to college life is clarified in detail. Result: Learned helplessness brings about negative predictions even under new circumstances even while repeated failures are experienced. The negative expectations formed as such cause the loss of new attempts or practical behaviors, thereby gravely impeding the behavioral practice required for the adaptation to college life. This further causes a serious negative impact on the formation of self identity and career path development. To form the self identity and develop an appropriate career path, one needs to have a positive attitude and find and practice various activities, yet being trapped in the learned helplessness causes passive attitude, negatively impacting the achievement of any developmental task. Moreover, learned helplessness causes negative emotions including dpression and anxiety, while impeding the emotional adaptation to college life. Conclusion: As examined throughout this study, it was discovered that the learned helplessness causes a negative impact on the adaptation to college life across various areas. Therefore, colleges and universities ought to actively make efforts for the successful adaptation to college life by rolling out various programs which can help their students address the learned helplessness.

Purpose: This paper intends to find alternatives to strengthen global governance in vaccine distribution amid the rise of vaccine nationalism in the international community. To this end, Chapter 2 briefly outlines the risks of vaccine nationalism and the concept of global governance. Chapter 3 examines the status of vaccine development in major countries and Chapter 4 suggests ways to establish global vaccine governance. Chapter 5 summarizes the previous discussions and suggests a policy alternative for securing vaccines for the ROK. Method: The spread of COVID-19 has led to the fall of neoliberalism, but to end the COVID-19 pandemic, only infectious disease control through strengthening transformative neo-liberal way of strengthening international governance can overcome the vaccine nationalism. Global Governance refers to the performance of various interested parties through horizontal cooperation to achieve a common purpose, especially the public purpose. Results: The policy alternatives to overcome vaccination nationalism and end the global COVID-19 pandemic are as follows. First, it is possible to effectively respond to various infectious diseases in the future by strengthening the disease management function of the UN and rearranging of WHO for the fair distribution of vaccines. Second, AI technology-based platforms can be used to optimize the use of early warning and mobilize necessary resources for preventive measures. Third, patent rights for vaccine manufacturing technologies should be revoked and vaccines should be produced and administered simultaneously regardless of country or patent to prevent the spread. Fourth, measures to limit national sovereignty at the global governance level should be clearly defined. Fifth, cooperation with WHO and transnational pharmaceutical companies, and NGO, IGO(Intergovernmental Organization) are key to combating vaccination nationalism's politics. Conclusion: The implications of major countries' vaccine development and vaccine diplomacy for the ROK are as follows. First, the ROK also needs to continue to develop vaccines and treatments, foster human resources in related fields, and establish active international cooperation. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the international system to develop vaccines and treatments. Third, it is necessary to actively secure vaccines through the production of a licensing method that introduces technology, not just consignment production in Korea, or equity investment in overseas vaccine companies, which requires the government's full support for the industry.

Purpose: Pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus are making a variety of unimaginable changes to mankind. Various changes in the industrial environment of the times are being applied and needed for various changes and new forms of measures in the private security sector, without exception. Method: In this study, we looked at the private security industry, which is responsible for the safety of society even in the Pandemic situation caused by the COVID-19 virus, and the prediction of the private security industry in the Post Corona era and the need for preemptive countermeasures. Results: In the midst of this paradigm shift in the industry, the security industry needs to establish a new legislative system in preparation for the rapid transition of a combined form of quarantine work and security industry. Conclusion: It is necessary to establish a new business area in the form of disease control and prevention security service and establish a legislative system accordingly in the business contents of the Security Services Industry Act, an actual corporation related to the private security industry. In addition, the establishment of a disease control and prevention working-level training program for field guards should be implemented. Such programs shall include the management of the number of visitors, the protection of facilities, and the management of quarantiners.

Purpose: If the duties of the security police are carefully examined(the police officer in charge of personal protection), the security police give priority to personal protection in accordance with the 「Act on the Protection and Settlement Support of North Korean Refugees」. At the same time, they are in charge of various roles, such as job placement, provision of education opportunities, and support through partnerships with welfare and social organizations for their successful social settlement while performing their duties. In recent years, as changes in the IT environment bring about changes in the security paradigm, such as the change and diversification of security threat measures, there has been a growing need to change the role and function of the security police to meet new security demands. Accordingly, this paper seeks to explore the paradigm of the security police required in the current era and discusses the role conflict and its direction caused by duties that the security police in Korea should essentially perform with focusing on the working period. Method: The subjects of the study are 91 security police officers who had duties related to North Korean defectors. For research analysis, statistical verification was performed using the SPSS 23.0 Program. First, frequency analysis was performed to determine the general characteristics of the survey subjects, and Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to verify the reliability of the questionnaire. Lastly, a One Way ANOVA was conducted to find out the difference in role conflict according to the total police duty period and the security department duty period. Results: As a result of analyzing the difference in role conflict according to the total police duty period, it was found that police officers who have served for more than 20 years are generally more aware of their responsibility for roles than police officers who have been in office for less than 10 years. In addition, as a result of analyzing the differences in role conflict according to the security department's working period, it was found that police officers who worked in the security department for more than 10 years had higher mission and goals for their duties than police officers who had less than two years working experience in the security department. In addition, it was found that security police officers who worked in the security department for more than 6 to 10 years were also more responsible for their roles than security policemen who worked for less than 2 years. Conclusion: It is necessary to study the organizational culture to reduce stress and role conflict according to the demands of various roles of the security police and to efficiently perform duties. For these reasons, it is hoped that studies will continue to be conducted to comprehensively examine the factors that affect the job, such as job satisfaction, stress, and role conflict of security police according to the required job with interest in the security police's job and the goal of the police organization in the following study.

Purpose: In this study, we confirm the effectiveness of the leadership evaluation index developed as an early stage of this leadership evaluation index development study, and demonstrate the validity of the index by comparing it with the existing leadership evaluation system. Based on these findings, the optimal plan will be developed through continuous research, and through this, the Korea Military Academy's leadership education and evaluation system will be improved and further developed. Method: The leadership activities of cadets were divided into three types of activities: leadership program, self-governing activities, and school/external activities to calculate activity scores based on the time spent on various activities, and finally, leadership evaluation index was calculated. We have gone through many tests to establish an optimal index for each activity. We surveyed tactical officers to get their insights and compared the evaluation results of 230 KMA cadets to identify the relation between the KMALES index and other leadership evaluation tools. Results: The leadership evaluation index was found that the results of the existing evaluation system, Leadership Competency Diagnosis and Leader Behavior and Value Evaluation, were very similar in evaluation of excellent and poor cadets. Therefore, the leadership evaluation index proved valid as a leadership evaluation system for cadets. Conclusion: First, it is the development of a new concept of leadership evaluation system that evaluates the leadership of cadets. Second, it has increased the possibility of using the new leadership evaluation system through verification of its effectiveness and validity. Third, it can be expanded to other educational institutions within the county.

Purpose: In this study, we examine the factors related to the suicide of police officers and discuss about the suicides caused by exposure to suicide news in order to suggest basic materials which will be helpful for prevention of police officers. In addition, we examine the relations among the variables through case analysis of suicide precursor and desire to develop a model of diagnosis and prediction for actual problems. We hope that this study will be utilized as good material for countermeasures against suicides of a lot of members in police organization. Method: In this study, we trace suicide cases of domestic and overseas police officers and desire to prepare efficient plan to prevent those suicide cases. For this we also conduct literature search, statistical analysis, case study, expert interview and interview investigation by utilizing studies on suicides and suicidal thoughts of police officers and precedent researches on domestic and overseas suicides. Moreover, we found the relation between the cases of suicide causes and cases of suicide exposure through analysis of present condition by ages, causes, social status and departments by utilizing the frame of case analysis of suicide exposure. Results: It is discovered that main causes of police officers’s suicide exposure are as follows: First, they witness various events and accident and suffer extreme heartache followed by posttraumatic stress disorder and extreme labor; Second, they are exposed to extreme work stress due to too heavy comprehensive performance system for public safety; Third, front-line police officers suffer from stress and depression from night-time work and day/night shift; and Forth, the risk of suicide is increased by unique characteristics of police work, possession of guns. Conclusion: In order to prevent and reduce the suicide of police officers, the following plans must be prepared. First, the work environment of police officers must be renovated, regular consultation program must be permanently established and spare place and spare time for sufficient rest should be provided. Second, it is necessary to revitalize family participating program and expand training center and sports facility. Third, innovative evaluation system must be adopted in order to alleviate work stress from required public safety performance. Fourth, a department dedicated to support for police officers engaged in work-related incident should be established. Fifth, a plan for expanding wearing taser gun substituting gun must be prepared.

Purpose: Police officers in security department play important role in securing the safety of nation and the people from very broad security threat and have no choice but to have stricter vertical organizational structure compared to other police organizations. However, in order to change to more positive and active organization, police officers in security department must change to horizontal one where the members can make active communications and interactions. Thus, in this study, we make an empirical verification which differences will be caused by the educational background and employment route in members’ empowerment of police officers in security department which secure national preservation from various threat to the safety and seek for protecting the life and personal safety of the people. Method: Frequency Analysis, t-test, One Way ANOVA. In this study, a survey has been conducted in Self-Administration Method for 100 police officers in the security departments experienced in the duties for the residents escaping from North Korea out of the police officers in the security department with the population of the police officers of the Republic of Korea in 2020 in order to verify how difference will be caused in follower ship of leaders based on the number and work region of staffs in the department of security police officers. Results: As a result of analysis, in terms of difference in empowerment from educational background, it is discovered from all the questionnaires that the police officers in security department having higher educational background including graduates of universities and graduate schools have higher empowerment than the ones having comparatively lower educational background including graduates from college and high school. Moreover, in terms of difference in empowerment from employment route, it is discovered from most of the questionnaires that the public officers of police officers in security department graduated from the Korea National Police University or military cadet have higher empowerment level than the police officers employed from open recruitment or other special recruitment. Conclusion: In order to form positive empowerment of public officers of police officers in security department: first, in the National Police Agency and each local police agencies in cities and Do provinces, educational opportunity must be extended for formation of positive empowerment, improvement of work performance and other self development of police officers in lower position including police officers in security department; second, it is necessary for extending the window and route of decision making in internal organization of police so that various opinions and suggestions of lower level police officers in security department, who have lower educational background, been employed at comparatively lower ranking positions and have not promoted to a management position, are openly collected and actively reflected in the policies of police; third, fair and strict physical and emotional compensation system for empowerment of police officers including police officers in security department must be extended; and, forth, it is necessary to ensure that the chief of the National Police Agency and other officers from high ranking management from local police agencies develop transformative leadership.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to discuss the implications of major countries' counter-strategies to overcome the COVID-19 and draw out policy options for South Korea. The study aims to provide a concrete alternative to strengthening the military's response capabilities. arguing that South Korea should become a global leader that prevents the spread of infectious diseases abide by Hongikingan(The idea of widely benefiting humans) of ancient South Korean political thought. Method: This article reviews drawing up South Korea's strategy by examining major countries' counter-strategies against COVID-19 abide by the theory of neoliberalism. The goal of neoliberalism is to aim for a small government, value the efficiency of private companies, expand free trade, open markets, and maximize the role of the private sector. Results: The limits of neoliberalism after the spread of COVID-19 can be summarized as follows. First, State-led supply of quarantine masks and the supply of therapeutic vaccines becomes prevalent breaking away from the neoliberalism way of production by the private sector. Second, free trade and open markets, which neoliberalism values, are checked by the establishment of a quarantine period and the blockade of transportation routes. Thereby the neoliberalism is faced with a limit out of its cherished values of super-connected and high-speed. Third, neoliberalism was a way to pursue a small government and maximize the role of the private sector, but the spread of Covid-19 strengthens the state's control over the quarantine goods and its production facilities such as the operation of the Act on Production of Goods during War. Fourth, there is a growing demand for strengthening government role to mobilize state-led troops for the response. It needs to improve the legal system to strengthen the military's capability to tackle infectious diseases. Conclusion: In responding to non-traditional threat by the military sector, defense reforms such as laws, systems, and integrated command systems are needed at the defense level. Second, the effectiveness of response should be enhanced by designating a dedicated unit for each type of non-traditional threats, such as environmental pollution, infectious diseases, and large-scale natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunami, etc. Third, we need to establish an AI-based disaster management system in conjunction with the 4th industrial revolution. Fourth, it calls for the establishment of an international cooperative network in responding to non-traditional threats.