Regulations

Purpose: This study comprehensively identified which of the sub-Factor s of organizational fairness they perceived had a positive effect on organizational effectiveness. In addition, this study verified how power distance tendency, an individual characteristic variable, affects the relationship between their job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. Method: The scope and method of this study are as follows. First, the time range of the study ran from December 1, 2020 until December 30, 2020, and the spatial range of the study was the Daegu Metropolitan Police Agency, 10 police stations affiliated, and 31 patrol divisions within the police station. Second, as for the method of the study, a reference study and an empirical study were concurrently conducted via a questionnaire survey. Results: The results of this study are as follows. First, it was found that the organizational fairness perceived by police officers had a significant positive effect on organizational effectiveness. Second, in the influence of power distance tendency on organizational effectiveness, it was found that the higher the power distance tendency, the more negative effect on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. Conclusion: The implications of this study are as follows. First, the establishment of a fair police organizational culture should precede. Second, in order to ensure that individual police officers have an active and positive attitude in enhancing organizational effectiveness, organizational efforts should be made to resolve complaints based on compensation results. Third, it is necessary to solve operational problems by receiving expert diagnoses on the operation of the performance-based pay system of the police organization and to actively collect and reflect the opinions of police officers who are subject to application.

Purpose: On April 11, 2019 (2017Hun-Ba127 decision), the Constitutional Court ruled that the “self-abortion” and “Abortion by Doctor” in the Criminal Act were nonconforming to the Constitution because they limit women’s right to self-determination. Abortion is one of the provisions of Article 10 of the Constitution, the right to self-determination derived from the dignity and value of human beings. On the other hand, the state also has an obligation to protect the life of the fetus. The purpose of this study is to examine foreign legislative cases related to abortion in order to harmoniously resolve the basic rights of the pregnant woman and the fetus in order to meet the request of the Constitutional Court, and to suggest a legislative direction to remove the unconstitutionality of the criminal abortion crime. In addition, we would like to examine the Maternal and Child Health Act for coherence of the legal system. Method: Whether or not to punish abortion is one of the issues that have been controversial in society so far. If the punishment for the crime of abortion is completely banned, the right to life of the fetus may be neglected. To this end, first, I would like to review the contents of the Constitutional Court's decision on the punishment for the crime of abortion. Second, the current state of punishment for abortion is reviewed by reviewing foreign comparative laws on the crime of abortion. Third, the legal, medical, moral, and religious perspectives on punishment for abortion are reviewed. Fourth, based on the discussion so far, I would like to suggest the direction of legislation for the punishment of abortion crimes. Results: The punishment for abortion should not be viewed as a choice between a woman's right to self-determination and the fetus's right to life. Revision of the law should be made in the direction of recognizing and protecting the two legal interests. Article 15 of the current Enforcement Decree of the Maternal and Child Health Act stipulates that abortion is permitted within 24 weeks. However, it is reasonable to refer to the government's legislation and decide whether to allow it based on the 22 weeks of pregnancy, which is the period when the fetus can survive independently, or based on the 3·3·3 principle or reasons for adaptation. In addition, economic and social factors and the period of deliberation should be considered. Conclusion: Punishment for abortion is structured in a way that women's right to self-determination and the basic right of the fetus to life are in conflict. In order to resolve these conflicts harmoniously and constitutionally, political, economic, social and cultural integration must be achieved by stipulating in detail the permissible scope of abortion, when it is permitted, the procedure and method of permissible abortion.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the current status of citizen participation in the self-governing police system, which has been implemented since July 1, 2021, focusing on metropolitan municipalities in Korea, and to suggest improvement plans for revitalization. Method: The research method was based on the website of local government, government statistics data, and academic papers. Results: The current citizen participation in the self-governing police system is limited to formal participation because there is a lack of system and support to be a citizen participation. Conclusion: As an improvement plan, first, it is necessary to open a unique homepage and strengthen the publicity in order to actively encourage citizens' participation. In other words, it is necessary to actively promote and provide institutional support so that local citizens can actively know and participate in the main policies of the autonomous police committee. Second, active interactive communication plans should be sought to promote citizen participation (regular meetings, holding briefing sessions, etc.). Third, it is necessary to seek cooperation in the level of co-production in the security services. Fourth, it is the enactment of ordinances by local governments that can activate citizen participation. Fifth, the activation of citizen participation through the network construction of police cooperation organizations and civic groups related to security services should be promoted. For the successful settlement of the self-governing police system, citizen participation should be activated so that it can be a police activity that meets the needs of residents and the residents who are the purpose of the self-governing police system.

Purpose: The rate of application for ROTC, which accounts for more than 60% of officers commissioned by the Army annually, is decreasing every year. In this reality, this research aims to study what factors make college students decide to serve as officers and why they avoid applying for ROTC, and through this, from the military's point of view, it is intended to provide it as basic data that can obtain excellent cadets based on these factors. Method: Based on the results of previous studies on the influencing factors of college students applying as cadets and the decreasing ROTC application rate, this study analyzed the factors limiting the acquisition of excellent cadets and prepared improvement measures. Results: The reasons for the decrease in the application rate for ROTC cadets are as follows: First, difficulty in recruiting troops due to a decrease in the school-age population due to a low birth rate and aging society; Second, difficulty in obtaining manpower due to the shortening of the military service period; Third, insufficient economic compensation for ROTC cadets; Fourth, difficulty in managing cadets' academic performance while attending the college. These factors have led the military to face an environment in which it has to make much more effort to recruit and select excellent ROTC cadets in the future than in the past. Therefore, it can be said that it is urgent for the military to identify, analyze, and come up with improvement measures for what factors college students decide to apply for ROTC cadets and for what reason they avoid the application. Conclusion: In order to improve the application rate for ROTC cadets in the future, it is necessary to review ways to shorten the service period of ROTC cadets, reduce the burden of academic performance management, introduce a military course credit system, and increase the promotion budget and come up with new ways to attract new generations of applicants. Through these legal and institutional improvements, it is expected that excellent ROTC cadets with the capabilities required by the Korean military will be obtained in the future.

Purpose: This study tried to verify the mediating effect of self-esteem in the effects of smartphone dependence among adolescents on academic helplessness. Method: 2,404 first-year middle school students were selected as research subjects using data form the second year of the Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018. For the analysis method, the mediating effect was analyzed using the PROCESS macro 3.5(Model 4) suggested by Hayes(2017). Results: Results of the study First, there was a significant positive relationship and influence between smartphone dependence and academic helplessness of adolescents, Second, a significant negative relationship and influence between smartphone dependence and self-esteem, and Third, there was a significant negative relationship between academic helplessness and self-esteem. It has been found to influence negative relationships. Fourth, smartphone dependence indirectly affects academic helplessness through self-esteem and plays a partial mediating role. Conclusion: These results are meaningful in that they revealed the indirect mediating effect of self-esteem in the path that smartphone dependence leads to academic helplessness. Therefore, through the results of this study, it was suggested that various programs are needed to reduce smartphone dependence and academic helplessness, and to recognize and improve the importance of self-esteem in the educational field for correct study and growth of adolescents.

Purpose: This study was conducted as a qualitative research method in order to examine the natural healing experiences and acceptance attitudes of the senior citizens participating in Health Qigong. Towards this end, the analysis was performed by applying the grounded theory approach. Method: As for the selection of research participants, the sample was extracted by adopting the purposeful sampling method, which is among the non-probabilities of the study. and finally, 15 people were selected as the research participants after confirming as to whether they were appropriate for the purposes of the study through a meeting of experts. In the data collection process, the participants were first selected through the first interview, theoretical samples were extracted, then the second interview was conducted. The raw data collected through the in-depth interview were described in words and transcribed, after which, the transcribed data and the interview details were checked for consistency. Results: As a result of the analysis performed, a total of 18 categories, 34 subcategories, and 18 concepts were derived. In terms of the type classification, the participant type A turned out to be a ‘social communication type’ while the participant type B turned out to be a ‘instrumental leisure activity type.’ The participant type C turned out to be an 'active healing coping type,' while the participant type D turned out to be a 'selective giving up type.' Conclusion: In this study, the details of the natural healing experiences and acceptance attitude of the senior citizens participating in Health Qigong were verified in depth. Such research results are meaningful in that they provided basic data to ensure that the Health Qigong program can play a mediating role in maintaining and restoring the mental and physical health of the senior citizens in a scientific manner.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for scalability for the provisions of the physical service environment for medical skincare by studying what influence the human service causes in between the servicescapes and reliability while analyzing the mediating effect of reliability between the servicescapes of medical skincare and the intention of customer behavior. Method: In this study, the statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS 25.0 and PROCESS macro for SPSS program as an empirical analysis method for 511 copies for 17 cities and provinces nationwide based on an online survey method targeting men and women in their 20s through 50s, and in order to validate the regulatory effect of human service in the relationship between servicescapes and intention of the customer behavior, multi mediated effect analysis and the PROCESS macro model 7 were used to validate the significance of the mediating effect based the Sobel-test. Results: In terms of the results of this study, first, regarding the existence of the mediating effect of reliability in terms of the relationship between the servicescapes and the intention of customer behavior, stability(β=.294, p<.001), surrounding environment(β=.183, p<. 001) and functionality(β=.179, p<.001) have caused a positive effect, while the reliability has caused a significant effect on the intention of customer behavior. Second, when the effect of servicescapes on the customer behavior via reliability would be enhanced by the human service, servicescapes and human service have caused a significant positive effect on the reliability, while the interactive effect of the servicescapes X human service was not significant. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the physical improvement of servicescapes in terms of the medical skincare is a major factor for increasing the customer satisfaction and the intention to revisit, and since the customers' reliability perceived by the customers towards the hospital and the staffs’ human service can also increase the intention to revisit, it is considered that stability, environment, and functionality in terms of servicescapes should not be neglected for the customer attraction and profitability related performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss the countermeasures against drunk driving regulations in terms of crime prevention because drunk driving is not a simple traffic crime but a potential murder. One methodology would be to raise the punishment for drunk driving and to improve the public's awareness and conduct regular traffic accident prevention education so that fundamental problems can be solved and have high efficiency and normative power. In Korea, the ‘Act on the Aggravated Punishment of Specific Crimes, etc.’ and ‘Road Traffic Act’ were amended in Korea following the case of 'Yoon Chang-ho', who died in a drunk driving accident in 2018. Drunk driving is a very dangerous behavior, as it can endanger your life as well as the lives of others. Even if an accident does not occur, such an act is a violation of the Road Traffic Act and therefore carries criminal responsibility. In terms of general crime prevention, the penalties for drunk driving are becoming stricter than in the past. In the improved system, even if the blood alcohol level is 0.03% or more and less than 0.08, imprisonment for not more than one year or a fine of not more than 5 million won is imposed. In the case of two or more violations of the strengthened regulations, imprisonment for not less than 2 years and not more than 5 years, or a fine of not less than 10 million won and not more than 20 million won. What used to be a three-out was changed to a two-out for drunk driving. However on November 25, 2021, the Constitutional Court ruled that the provisions of the Road Traffic Act, which required uniform and aggravated punishments for drunk driving more than twice, were against the Constitution(Constitutional Court 2021.11.25, 2019Hunba 446, etc.). In addition, if you injure a person while driving, you will be punished by imprisonment for not less than 1 year and not more than 15 years in prison, or a fine of not less than 10 million won to not more than 30 million won(Before the amendment, in case of death while driving under the influence of alcohol, he was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than one year). Drunk driving accidents can lead to criminal punishment, administrative sanctions, and even civil lawsuits. Keep in mind that drunk driving can be a potential killer on the road. Even if you didn't harm anyone, just drinking and driving can be a big hit in society. Method: Injuries and deaths due to drunk driving are on the rise. As a countermeasure against this, the standards and level of punishment for drunk driving are being strengthened. First, let's look at the legal punishment for drunk driving through the laws related to drunk driving. Second, we examine the severity of the damage caused by drunk driving through statistics such as drunk driving accidents, injuries, and deaths in current Korean society. Third, as a comparative legal review, by examining foreign laws on drunk driving accidents, matters to be referred to in Korean laws and regulations are reviewed. Fourth, I would like to make a legislative proposal by reviewing the problems and improvement plans of the drunk driving legal system. Previous studies on drunk driving have mainly focused on strengthening the punishment for drunk driving. This study intends to review the general crime prevention aspect by not only strengthening punishment but also changing the public's perception through education. Results: Drunk driving affects not only drunk drivers, but also others and society. It is necessary to keep in mind that drunk driving is a potential homicide, and the prohibition of drunk driving should be strengthened. In addition, if the general prevention effect can be successfully established and nudged against the offenses of drunk drivers, social costs can be reduced. Conclusion: For drunk driving, both the ‘external motivation’ such as punishment, as well as the ‘intrinsic motivation’ to act in compliance with the norm must be activated. To this end, it is necessary to raise awareness that drunk driving must be caught and punished. The certainty of punishment has a positive effect on crime deterrence. Also, in the case of self-driving cars in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, there are no regulations for drunk drivers, so a review should be carried out.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss the theoretical basis and location selection method for CCTV, which has recently been spotlighted as an important means of crime prevention. Method: For the purpose of the study, this study attempted to explain the relationship between CCTV and crime prevention. More specifically, this study attempted to explain the theory of criminology related to CCTV. In particular, we tried to explore the possibility of crime prevention effects of CCTVs, focusing on the discussion of classical criminology and neoclassical criminology, not positivist criminology based on the criminality of criminals. In addition, this study attempted to understand existing studies that analyzed the effect of CCTV on crime occurrence and sense of safety. In addition, this study examined the existing domestic research on how to select the location of CCTV installation and introduced an example of a comprehensive study of one of the existing studies. Results: The theory of criminal opportunity, called neoclassical criminology, consists of lifestyle theory, daily behavior theory, CPTED, rational choice theory, and situational control theory. The theory of criminal opportunity is more interested in the situation in which a crime occurs than in the criminality of a criminal. In particular, it emphasizes the monitoring ability to grasp criminal behavior. Typically, CCTV is a means of strengthening surveillance. Accordingly, CCTV has established itself as a key means of preventing crime. Most CPTED programs use CCTVs. In existing effectiveness studies, CCTV was also found to reduce crime and crime fear. Accordingly, some studies emphasize the importance of selecting the location of CCTV installation and provide guidelines for how to select the location of CCTV installation. This study attempted to introduce a new guideline recently proposed. Conclusion: Selection of CCTV installation locations is an important issue for crime prevention and increased satisfaction of local residents. This study attempted to introduce theories, existing studies, and location selection guidelines related to CCTV. There is a need to maximize its effectiveness by installing CCTVs, which are in charge of an important function of strengthening surveillance, in suitable places.

Purpose: This study examines the factors of tourism constraints which influence the tourism industry, discover the factors which can increase the tourism related satisfaction by articulating the effects of tourism constraints on the tourism related satisfaction, and utilize them for developing and marketing the tourism resources and tourism products required for the growth of the sustainable tourism industry. Method: In order to achieve the purpose of this study as such, the factors were derived through the factor analysis, and the multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the tourism constraints and the tourism related satisfaction, and the following conclusions were arrived. Results: First, as a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it turned out that health and cleanliness (sanitation) were the variables which have had the largest influence on the tourism constraints, followed by safety, climate and weather. That is, it may be said that securing and guaranteeing health, hygiene, and safety would determine the success of being a tourist destination. Hence, as for the tourism revitalization and the sustainable development in the aftermath of the pandemic, thorough preparations for infectious diseases which may occur again, hygiene and cleanliness of tourist destinations, and the environment for achieving political and economic stability and safety are required alongside the measures for achieving them. Second, based on the analysis of the causal relationship between the tourism constraints and the tourism related satisfaction, tourist destination related environmental constraints, internal constraints, and economic and environmental constraints influence the tourism related satisfaction in a positive direction, and the information and health constraints have a negative effect on the tourism related satisfaction, while the information and health constraints turned out to have a negative effect on the tourism related satisfaction. Conclusion: That is, it means that the satisfaction following tourism increases in the case of overcoming tourism environment, internal and economic and environmental constraints, and the tourism related satisfaction would decrease if there are information and health constraints. Hence, when planning and developing the tourism products after the pandemic, it is necessary to investigate and examine as to whether the tourist destination can respond to and treat infectious diseases, possibility of the occurrence of abnormal climates such as El Niño, and countermeasures, etc.