Regulations

Purpose: This study positions the enactment of the Lifelong Education Act for Persons with Disabilities (Act No. 21076), scheduled to take effect in 2027, as a critical policy window and aims to identify concrete strategies for linking relevant policies to achieve the Act’s stated goals of promoting independent living and enhancing social participation among persons with disabilities. In particular, this study proposes a policy framework that leverages existing lifelong education infrastructure to institutionalize training that strengthens the active self-reliance competencies required for tourism participation. This approach aims to enhance the quality of life of persons with disabilities and promote their substantive social inclusion. Method: This study employed literature review and policy analysis as its primary methodological approaches. It conducted an in-depth examination of the major provisions of the Lifelong Education Act for Persons with Disabilities, scheduled for implementation in 2027, as well as the developmental trajectory of the existing Lifelong Education Act. In addition, by synthesizing prior research on lifelong education needs by disability type (physical, developmental, and mental disabilities) and on advancement tasks identified by special education experts, the study assessed the limitations of current tourism welfare policies and derived legally grounded and practically actionable policy implementation strategies. Results: Existing disability tourism welfare policies have largely focused on improving physical accessibility, with limited educational support and a shortage of professionals to build active travel competencies such as planning and crisis management. Lifelong education needs also differ by disability type—employment-focused training (physical disabilities), independent living support (developmental disabilities), and specialized institutions (mental disabilities)—highlighting the need for tailored, integrated program development. Conclusion: This study recommends establishing a regular policy coordination body among the ministry of education, the ministry of culture, sports and tourism, and the ministry of health and welfare to strengthen the implementation of the lifelong education act for persons with disabilities and advance tourism welfare. It further proposes requiring lifelong educator training to include modules on tourism-related self-reliance and safety, and mandates that lifelong learning centers for persons with disabilities provide experiential self-reliance tourism programs linked to local destinations. These measures will help ensure that lifelong education outcomes lead to greater social participation and improved quality of life for persons with disabilities.

Purpose: In Korea, semi-permanent makeup has become a key sector in the beauty industry, recognized as a form of makeup that complements the limitations of traditional tattooing. Demand for semi-permanent makeup services is expected to increase further as the medical beauty market and its application expand to a wider range of age groups. For a long time, the Korean semi-permanent makeup and tattoo-related service industries remained in a legal limbo due to insufficient institutional and legal regulations. However, with the recent passage of the Tattoo Act by the National Assembly, tattooing and semi-permanent makeup procedures are expected to be formally legislated and regulated within the next two years. Semi-permanent makeup is characterized by its delicate and invasive nature, and its institutionalization is leading to an increasing demand for certification and retraining. Therefore, systematic training and evaluation are essential. Against this backdrop, the development of a standardized and systematic training program to cultivate professional semi-permanent makeup practitioners is a critical and urgent task. Method: The NCS-based educational program for semi-permanent makeup proposed in this study was designed based on practical field requirements and was systematically researched and structured to establish its conceptual framework, development domains, and development components. First, a literature review was conducted on 81 master’s theses, 14 doctoral dissertations, and relevant monographs related to semi-permanent makeup. In addition, the concept of the National Competency Standards (NCS), NCS competency units and elements in the beauty field, and the learning module system were examined. Second, to develop the competency unit elements of an NCS-based educational program for semi-permanent makeup, a Delphi survey was conducted in three rounds with 20 field experts who possessed between 3 and over 20 years of professional experience in semi-permanent makeup. Results: Through the third round of the Delphi survey, 18 NCS competency units and 59 competency unit elements were derived to facilitate application to learning modules. These competency units included an overview and definition of semi-permanent makeup, skin and scalp, hygiene management, infection control and disinfection, pre- and post-procedure management, history and trends of makeup, basic makeup drawing, semi-permanent makeup design, color theory, pigments, equipment, equipment-based design techniques, field application, corrective methods for improper procedures, use of pain relief agents, customer management, business management, and educational feedback. Conclusion: In a field where prior research on semi-permanent makeup remains limited, this study—developed through the systematic elicitation of expert opinions—is expected to serve as foundational data for training professional semi-permanent makeup practitioners and for the advancement of the beauty industry.

Purpose: This study examines criminal legal issues regarding sports-related crimes such as sports manipulation, illegal gambling, doping, sexual assault, and other harsh acts, assaults, and injuries in the sports world. Sports-related crimes have long been pointed out as a disease of our society, and many efforts have been made to suggest causes and solutions, but it is not enough and system improvement is required. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look at the types of sports, the classification of sports-related crimes, the characteristics of crimes occur-ring in each type of sports, and seek solutions. Through this, the goal is to prevent crime damage in the reality of Korean sports, study the possibility of recovering victims' rights, and suggest effective measures to respect victims' human rights and restore their rights. Method: Sports-related crimes have been studied extensively in the United States, where sports are active. In the United States, the legal basis for collective liability under Anglo-American negligence law is being examined through cases of sports-related abuse and sexual violence, and collective liability for incidents and accidents occurring at sports venues is being sought. Recent reports of sports-related abuse and sexual violence cases in the United States have shown that simply holding individual perpetrators legally responsible is unlikely to be effective in providing adequate compensation for the damages and preventing similar incidents in the future, considering the scale and frequency of the dam-age. The importance of group responsibility that can create more comprehensive compensation and a fundamental deterrent effect has been highlighted, and research is currently underway. Most domestic sports-related studies only seek to impose criminal liability on individual cases. Therefore, this study aims to categorize overall sports-related crimes, suggest solutions, and so on. Results: Manipulation of fans, illegal gambling, sexual assault and other harsh acts, doping, assault and injury, fraud, etc. have been pointed out as social ills in our society for a long time, and many efforts have been made to suggest causes and solutions, but problems are still being exposed. The purpose of this study is to classify the types of sports and sports-related crimes, and to seek out the characteristics of crimes occurring in each type of sport and solutions. The necessity of this study is to study the possibility of preventing crime damage and restoring victims' rights in the reality of Korean sports and to suggest effective methods of restoring victims' rights. Conclusion: This study analyzed sports-related crimes by type from a criminal law perspective. In sports games that are supposed to be fair, sports world-wide manipulation, sexual assault, and other harsh acts, doping, illegal sports gambling, and fraud are unethical and illegal acts that must be eradicated.

Purpose: This study investigates how cooperative governance between local governments and vocationally oriented community colleges can counteract rural depopulation by attracting foreign students and migrant workers, reorganizing industry-linked majors, and integrating life-cycle social overhead capital (SOC) investments. It seeks to clarify the mechanisms through which such collaboration promotes population inflow, regional innovation, and local economic sustainability. Method: Eleven experts in low-birth-rate policy, social welfare, higher-education admission, and local-industry promotion—each with at least seven years of field experience—were interviewed between 1 August and 30 October 2024. Their written, open-ended responses were coded inductively following Mertens’ qualitative category-building procedure, producing five validated thematic clusters: inter-institutional relationships, university roles, foreign-resident policy, living-infrastructure strategy, and childbirth-response cooperation. Results: Stakeholder collaboration enabled specialized-major restructuring, lifelong-learning platforms, and strengthened industry–university ties, thereby creating high-quality jobs and slowing youth out-migration. Integrated “foreign-resident packages” (housing, visa, language, and employment support) and a life-cycle SOC model (jobs → housing → childcare/health → culture) significantly raised settlement intention, labor-force stability, and even marriage and fertility expectations among young adults. These outcomes confirm the complementary effects predicted by Triple Helix, human-capital, social-capital, and push-pull migration theories. Conclusion: Local government–community-college partnerships emerge as an essential strategy for mitigating rural decline, simultaneously fostering human-capital accumulation and multicultural revitalization. Institutionalizing a performance-sharing RISE framework, expanding resident-friendly SOC, and extending quantitative longitudinal analyses are recommended to sustain and scale these benefits nationwide.