International journal of martial arts

This study aimed to College Students Majoring Police of Police Martial Arts Education on Body composition and Physical Fitness on Job Performance. Eighty voluntary subjects(40 exercise, 40 control) with an understand-ing toward the aims of this study were selected and their physical composition and Physical Fitness on Job Per-formance, before and after the Police Martial Arts Education program, were measured. As for the physical composition, there were significant differences between pre- and post-values in the exer-cise group after completing the police Martial Arts Education. The change in physical composition has shown a significant change in EG group to weight, skeletal muscle mass, BMI, body fat percentage statistically and the physical composition has shown a significant change in CG group to skeletal muscle mass, BMI, body fat percent-age statistically. Also, at the preliminary inspection between two different groups according to police military training, every variable of physical composition no significant difference was shown statistically, and at the post inspection, BMI, body fat percentage the significant difference was shown statistically. As for the Physical Fitness on Job Performance, there were significant differences between pre- and post-values in the exercise group. The change in physical variable in EG group has shown significant change in every variable such as grasping power in left hand, grasping power in right hand, sit-up, push-up, 100m, 1000m statistically, and the change in physical variable in CG group has shown significant change in grasping power in right hand statistically. Also, at the pre-liminary inspection between two groups according to the police military training has not shown a significant change in every variable, however, at the post inspection, a significant change has shown in every variable. The study results indicate that the Police Martial Arts Education program is effective in improving the Body composition and Physical Fitness on Job Performance of College Students Majoring Police. However, there is a need for more specific exercise programs to be developed for the continual improvement of College Students Majoring Police performance in along with further studies to confirm the physiological benefits of those programs.

Excessive exercise causes the loss of inherent physiological function of the muscles through skeletal muscle lesioning. This damage can induce various complications such as nerve injury, vascular lesions, and osteocytes damage. At the molecular level, reactive oxygen species(ROS) play an important role in the development of mus-cle damage. Although the excess production of ROS induces oxidative stress, these molecules are inevitably pro-duced during the respiratory process of the human body. Therefore, ROS are important molecules in both physi-ological phenomena and as etiological factors. In the present review, we will address the role of antioxidants in skeletal muscle damage. Specifically, we will review studies suggesting that the intake of ginseng(the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) could be a strategy for treating skeletal muscle disorders. Ginseng is the most com-monly consumed herbal medicine for increasing stamina in athletes. However, numerous athletes consume gin-seng without understanding its pharmacological effects on the body. Hence, we will discuss the role of compound K in the biological and pharmacological effects of ginseng. In particular, we suggest that compound K is poten-tially useful against muscle damage.

In Asian society, martial arts education isn't simply regarded as what aims to improve fighting skills or build up a healthy body. Instead, that is accepted as what is of great ethical, moral and inner value as a way to become a decent human being. Martial arts education that is based on traditional ethics has long contributed to character building, and hapkido Dojang are responsible for passing this education onto the next generations. Martial arts education is mainly provided for adolescents in hapkido Dojang, and the educational system of these Dojang are outstanding enough to make them serve as professional educational institutions to foster hapkido-enjoying people out of pure motives. The educational goals that hapkido-related organizations pursue together are mental training, health promotion, self-defense, physical training and the transmission of cultural heritage. But there is a doubt whether hapkido Dojang make a genuine effort to attain these goals of education. Due to keen competition, most of the Dojang often distort the substance of martial arts education by slander-ing each other or merely by offering play- or game-centered programs for commercial purposes. In a word, it cannot be denied that there is something wrong with traditional martial arts education. Martial arts are basically of educational importance as a means to train the body and acquire skills to learn how to live as a decent human and as an eligible member of the world. The purpose of this study was to examine the right directions for martial arts education in hapkido Dojang in modern capitalistic society characterized by advanced material civilization, limitless compe-tition and individualism. Under the circumstances, hapkido education may just be regarded as a competitive sport if it only focuses on physical training, acquisition of skills or winning. There is a great challenge for hapkido, which is to turn into the kind of martial art that can contribute to the edification of people along with other martial arts in a manner to be appropriate for modern times. When it comes to the right direction for hapkido education, competitive commercial logics should be eliminated among hapkido Dojang above all. The Dojang should renew themselves as the places of oriental mental training. They should value mental culture to foster well-rounded people of character who realize the way through physical training, and trainees should be taught to be courteous, consid-erate, humble, build up character, use decent language and respect others. Modern people's lives should be sublimated in art in pursuit of human happiness and enjoyment. Hapkido instructors should be future-oriented and shift their way of teaching with a sense of mission to nurture competent people necessary for society through mental training instead of merely sticking to teaching skills or how to win a competition.

This study was conducted in order to examine the motion principles of YiJinJing and their implications for martial arts. For this study, we interpreted and explained the 12 motions of YiJinJing in Naegongdoseol and iden-tified their values as a martial art and their implications for training. The identified principles of YiJinJing motions were first relax the mind so that the mind follows the motion and change of the body, second breath naturally and gently and harmonize the motion and the breath softly and evenly, third repeat strong and soft motions by controlling strength, fourth choose a adequate posture and make an adequate sound for each motion. The 12 motions of YiJinJing are organically interconnected with one another as a whole, and breath is made naturally in harmony with motion according to the person’s mind. In addition, the main purpose of the motions is strength-ening muscles and bones by exercising force. All body activities with characteristics of Oriental martial arts ac-company operation of Qi. Such operation of Qi is embedded in the traditional martial art training and it is just Oriental characteristics that we cannot find in other Western sports. Qi accumulated during martial art training flows to the place where mind is concentrated. Although YiJinJin training has been known as a kind of regimen to live longer without diseases, YiJinJin training has the same start and end with martial art training. When you make the flexible and soft movements of YiJinJin fast and strong, they become martial art movements attacking the counterpart and defending yourself from the counterpart's attacks. In concrete, Qigong movement such as twisting and relaxing arms and legs flexibly are the postures to enforce muscles and bones and they are same as body training in martial arts preparing for combats with enemies. These spirit of mind, spirit of meridian, and spirit of breath in YiJinJing training are correlated with one another from the viewpoint of martial art training and suggests that the contents of the martial art include mind training, body training and breath training, which are the basics of martial arts.

Private security in Korea has its legal basis on 「The Security Service Industry Act」, in which 'Security Service Industry' is defined as "business upon subcontract of whole or part of security service". Such security service in Korea is classified into Facility Security Service, Escort Security Service, Personal Guard Service, Machine Security Service, and Specialized Security Service. Private security guards in Korea are categorized as general guards and special guards. Both types of guards can carry and use batons and gas pistol while on duty, yet special guards can be equipped with pistol and rifle limitedly. Type of equipment private security guard can carry includes horns, batons, gas pistol, riot shield, radio, and others necessary for security services that are not designed to have offensive purpose; private security guards can equip safety helmet and stab-proof vest while on duty, and are to use them in minimal circumstances when necessary. Especially baton is crucial to client security and self-defense, guaranteeing mental stability and confi-dence of guards, while being also crime-preventive with its visual effect. Consists of strike, joint lock, throwing derived from 8 fundamental types of striking and blocking, baton tech-nique in Korean Hapkido is highly eclectic defensive maneuvers in which self-defense technique with a single baton from hand strike, kicks, stabbing, and clubbing is employed. Although Korean Hapkido mainly trains self-defense with bare hands, use of baton is considerably powerful. While dealing with criminals with knife, even black belt holders can be threatened with one single mistake; however, with baton, certain distance can be main-tained, offering several more options: hitting joint or knife to drop knife; thrusting neck or stomach for fatal attack. Also, when attacked by club, baton technique allows both blocking attack and counter-attacking assail-ant’s pressure points, or assailant’s attack chance can be minimized through strike, joint locking, and throwing, using principles of baton technique. The process of suppressing assailants is closely related to practicing ‘use of weapon’ and ‘defense against weapon’ in Korean Hapkido. Diversified practice of ‘defense against weapon’ is necessary for defense against various type of weapons. Private security guard can hold weapons(baton) while on duty, and are to use them in minimal circumstances when necessary. Baton technique in Korean Hapkido is basis of weapon practice, yet advanced technique that can only be used when highly practiced, hence the need for steady training. Therefore this can be useful in crime prevention and criminal counteract through offering mental stability and confidence to private security guard during on-the-job training or novice education.

This research was done about security martial art, especially based on Hapkido, and the researcher tried to academically access to the application of Hapkido by interviewing three experts in martial art for qualitative research. Also, the researcher reviewed thesis related to security martial art, oriental martial art, and martial art based on Korean traditional idea by preceding research to make the direction of the research access to the topic. Guard is the last method handling various dangers nearest to the subject. To ensure the subject’s security from a person inflicting injury, guard should be done based on trained body of the bodyguard, so training security martial art is essential. Therefore, this research is going to suggest the way to applying Hapkido to security mar-tial art. First, unlike other martial arts, Hapkido has various motions, and the motions are easily accessable in acci-dental situation. Motions such as folding wrist, holding, punching, entraining with weapon, and arresting tech-nique were researched specifically. Second, academic study on Hapkido is short, so Hapkido’s integrated samples and teaching materials should be established. Therefore it should be verified as a security martial art by Hapkido martial art. Third, every martial art has its different characteristic of skill suppressing the opponent, and not any particular martial art can be chosen as the best one in suppressing. With general Hapkido, the way to studying the value and applying of Hapkido as a security martial art should be suggested as a basis of other martial arts, so that the independent educational system for security martial art can be established. Fourth, in accidental case of security, it is thought that the objective and valid access is needed by using prac-tical martial motion as a measurement through applying security martial art. And lastly, although the overall educational establishment of security martial art hasn’t done yet, by political support and systematic study, lead-ers of security martial art should be trained, and security martial art should be educated independently, so that the education which can handle the actual emergency while doing guard work can be taught. This thesis is mean-ingful for it has sought the way to making Hapkido among various martial art be foundation of security martial art.

Security service must deal with various dangerous situations that occurs to the protector at the closest range, and must include elements of professional strength including agility, reaction, strength, balance, selective reac-tion abilities as physical requirements. Especially, close proximity guards are the last line of defense that must deal with various dangerous situations that occurs to the protector at the closest range, and at the same time, since the time, location, and methods of the dangerous situations are decided by the assailant it can be said that the most basic requirements of a close proximity security guard is martial arts abilities that deals with situations successfully. Therefore, in order to successfully carry out a close proximity security service, one must train in martial arts based on the protection methods that will be applied during dangerous situations considering proximity protec-tion security methods and the characteristics and principles of the security martial arts types. One-arm shoulder throw, a technique in Judo, is a technique that throws by holding the collar or sleeve of a side that is frequently used as a surprise technique when the opponent is highly balanced and bigger in size and is a very simple technique, with also one arm, other than the one holding and pulling, free to change into another technique, making this less stressful on the arm joints than the two-arm shoulder throw, allowing beginners to easily approach this technique and easily throw the opponent. Also, as it is with the original movement of the one-arm shoulder throw, this technique is a basic technique and also an important technique that allows the holder(the guard) to use the attacking strength of the opponent in the situation when the receiver(the attacker) attacks the upper body. Therefore, this study analyzes the differences in the EMG analysis results between the security martial arts one-arm shoulder throw movement with the left arm(attacking arm) and the right leg(balancing leg) in a dan-gerous situation.

Security martial arts have become essential subjects for 'personnel for detailed security response' in curricu-lum of Security Science, and is one of important educational subjects included in education/ training programs for the Office of the Presidential Security, Police security organizations, and private security companies. This study was intended to examine current status and implications of security martial arts and discuss the significance of study on security martial arts which need to be spread globally in the period ahead. Research materials related to security martial arts were analyzed by using the KCI(Korea Citation Index) of NRF(National Research Foundation of Korea) and the RISS(Research Information Sharing Service) of KERIS(Korea Education and Research Information Service), along with study of Korean literatures. The results of this study showed that publication of books on security science began to be expanded from mid 1990s. Currently, 49 articles on security martial arts have been published in KCI and related studies have been carried out steadily to date since 2002. The study on security martial arts were divided into major categories such as 22 articles on Social Science, 20 articles on Art & Physical Education, 5 articles on Engineering, 1 article on Natural Science, and 1 article on interdisciplinary science. In relation to the field of academic study covered by the published articles, there were 21 articles related to the science of public administration among social science, the highest proportion, followed by 10 articles on the martial art science among physical administration. As ar-ticles are also published in the fields of engineering, natural science, and interdisciplinary science, it can be found that studies on security martial arts are being conducted across academic fields. According to the data published by KCI, the number of registered organizations stand at 8,495 which publish 5,038 journals in all, out of which studies on security martial arts are published in 13 academic journals. Among others, the studies on security martial arts have been carried out mainly by the Korean Security Science Association and Korean Alliance of Martial Arts. The results of this study suggest that studies on security martial arts are being conducted continuously due to the importance and value of security martial arts in Korea and are attracting much attention from scholars. However, it is deemed necessary to promote in-depth studies on security martial arts, along with both quantita-tive and qualitative increase in such studies, when the studies on security martial arts are compared to other studies in overall academic fields. Moreover, it is considered necessary to build a key academic area with strong focus on research into security martial arts and to complement the development task presented by preceding studies.