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SPORT Fans’ Learning Process in Relation to Sport Rules and Future Consumption of Sport Products

Vol.6 (No.2) 2021
Author
admin
Date
2021-06-30 15:01
Views
1099

Abstract


Purpose: The purpose of the study is to conceptualize and test the relationship to determine the influence sport rules acquisition has on sport consumption behaviors. Specially, this study aims to provide more practical evidence regarding the relationship between the processes associated with learning sport rules and intentions regarding future consumption. Consequently, by examining sport rules as they relate to sport fans’ behaviors, this study is to recognize the significance of sport rules and the value they have with regard to marketing practitioners who will be in the position to design more effective marketing strategies.

Method: A total of 260 usable responses were collected via QUALTRICS, one of external online survey providers. Rule recognition process was comprised of four subscales and sport consumption behaviors were measured with four subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) was conducted based on the procedures. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the structural relationship among variables and the reliability(Cronbach’s alpha) of each subscale was checked. The average variance extracted(AVE) values were also evaluated, as they indicated whether each item contributes to the basic construct of the scales.

Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) showed the measurement of the model and structural model had reasonable fit. The structural model provides a good basis for testing the nature of each individual relationship based on the regression weights, standard error, and critical ratio. The results also showed that statistically significant differences existed between how learning of rules occurred and future consumption pathways.

Conclusion: A core product of sport management is the game itself and understanding sport rules is a prerequisite to enjoy the core product. Therefore, it is suggested that the role of understanding sport rules should be considered an important factor for understanding and predicting the sport fan development process and future behaviors.Learning rules via media consumption lends to future consumption of media consumption. Regarding the learning by way of playing sport pathway, it is demonstrated to have a meaningful influence in respect to purchasing sporting goods and attending sporting events.

Keyword:Sport Fans, Sport Rules, Sport Rules Learning, Sport Product, Consumption Behavior
  • Purpose: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often experience postural instability, respiratory muscle weakness, diaphragm weakness, and autonomic nervous system imbalance. To address these issues, we designed a therapeutic exercise routine that PD patients may easily incorporate into their daily lives. Method: The Therapeutic Exercise for Respiratory function and Autonomic balance in Parkinson’s Disease (TERA-PD) was designed to improve axial postural instability, respiratory muscle strength, and heart rate variability in PD patients. The exercise was formulated based on our previous study, a review of the literature, and guidance from experts. Results: The warm-up exercises are (1) stretching the neck, and (2) massaging the scalene muscles. The main exercises are (1) torso stretch with breathing, (2) torso rotation with breathing, (3) holding the breath at the maximum inhalation, and (4) inhaling and exhaling in a steady rhythm while changing spinal posture accordingly. Conclusion: Given that PD patients experience both postural instability and autonomic nervous system imbalance, targeted treatment is necessary. In the future, we plan to implement TERA-PD in clinical settings to evaluate its effectiveness. With further research, we aim for TERA-PD to become an effective method for alleviating the symptoms and improving the quality of life of PD patients.
    Keyword:Parkinson’s Disease, Respiration, Autonomic Nervous System, Therapeutic Exercise, Routine
  • Purpose: Adolescence is a crucial period for value formation, with sports playing a key role in socialization and adherence to norms. Modern sports convey societal values and influence youth behavior. While there is extensive research on sports stars in Korea, studies on their impact on Chinese youth are limited. This research aims to analyze the images of sports stars to understand their effects on Chinese youths' attitudes and participation, and to provide foundational data for improving sports policies and programs. Method: The study used a 26-item questionnaire divided into personal characteristics (3 items), sports interest (8 items), and sports star images (15 items). Reliability was between .580 and .796, with an overall .792. Data collection involved direct school visits and self-administered surveys. SPSS 27.0 was used for t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of sports star images on sports interest among Chinese adolescents. Results: Based on gender, male adolescents showed higher perceptions of sports stars’ appearance, evaluation, and sensory images. There were no differences based on school year. The appearance, evaluation, and sensory images of sports stars significantly impacted sports interest. Additionally, differences in sports interest were ob-served based on gender and interest in sports stars, with a higher interest in sports stars correlating with increased sports interest. Conclusion: Firstly, male adolescents showed higher perceptions of sports star images in appearance, evaluation, and sensory aspects compared to females, with no significant differences in athletic performance images. No differences were found based on school year. Secondly, sports stars' appearance, evaluation, and sensory images significantly impact sports interest, highlighting these factors as key to increasing adolescents' engagement in sports.
    Keyword:Adolescent Value Formation, Sports Star Image, Youth Sports Engagement, Gender Differences in Sports Perception, Impact of Sports Stars on Youth Attitudes
  • Purpose: Forest hiking programs have positive effects on health improvement, stress relief, and local economic revitalization. However, addressing issues such as inadequate accessibility and lack of program diversity requires systematic analysis and evaluation. This study aims to analyze the current operational status and explore ways to improve participation rates and program quality. By proposing practical improvement measures, the study in-tends to provide foundational data for the sustainable development of the program. Method: This study aims to analyze the status of forest hiking programs based on reports from 2015 to 2023. It will evaluate visitor numbers, participation rates, operational status, and facility conditions to develop strategies for program revitalization. Research questions are focused on changes in visitor numbers, participation rates, operating hours and frequency, and facility conditions. Data were collected from various reports, and key findings were derived through meta-analysis. Results: From 2015 to 2023, the number of visitors and participation rates for forest hiking programs in-creased, and the number of programs and operating hours also expanded. Following a temporary decline due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a recovery trend. The increase in participation rates was attributed to program diversification, the addition of meditation and family programs. Additionally, facility conditions continuously improved, significantly reducing the need for further improvements by 2023. Conclusion: Forest hiking programs have increased in visitor numbers and participation rates from 2014 to 2023. Program diversification, quality improvements, facility upgrades, and the introduction of online and hybrid options have boosted satisfaction and accessibility. Enhanced collaboration with the local community has further supported the program's sustainability. These strategies are crucial for the successful operation and development of the programs.
    Keyword:Forest Road, Program Quality, Facility Maintenance, Community Involvement, Program Diversification
  • Purpose: The purpose of the study was to provide a critical review of existing research and explore the unique context of LGBTQ+ athletes in China. This study closes a significant gap in the literature, which is mainly concentrated in Western countries, and explores the sociocultural and political dynamics that influence the experiences of LGBTQ+ athletes in China. Through this research, we will further understand the difficulties faced by Chinese LGBTQ+ athletes and propose evidence-based strategies and policies to foster a more inclusive and supportive sports environment. We aim to contribute to the global debate on diversity and inclusion in sports, and strive to have the demands inherent in China's LGBTQ+ recognized and addressed. Method: This study employed a literature review method to analyze international inclusion of LGBTQ+ athletes, and focuses on Chinese inclusion of LGBTQ+ athletes. It explored the social, cultural, legal and political back-ground that affects LGBTQ+ athletes in China. This study combines research results from different sources such as academic journals, policy reports, and media analysis to provide an overall perspective on the current status of Chinese LGBTQ+ athletes. Results: The results of the study show that LGBTQ+ athletes in China face severe discrimination and exclusion due to social prejudice, insufficient legal protection, and lack of policy support within sports organizations. They often face barriers such as homophobia, heterosexism, and participation. The study highlights the role of traditional cultural values, media representation and political factors in continuing to address these issues. Despite some progress, there are still significant gaps in support and awareness of LGBTQ+ athletes in China. Conclusion: Creating a more inclusive and supportive environment for Chinese LGBTQ+ athletes require legal reform, policy advocacy, and cultural change. The study highlights the importance of developing and training tailored educational programs for sports administrators, promoting positive media expression, and fostering community-based initiatives. The study calls on academics, policymakers and practitioners to work together to address the unique issues facing LGBTQ+ athletes in China and promote diversity and inclusion in sport world-wide.
    Keyword:LGBTQ+, Chinese Sports, Discrimination, Inclusion, Socio-Cultural Dynamics
  • Purpose: This study aims to analyze the movement of players at the 2022 World Cup in Qatar and the 2023 Asian Cup in Qatar, with the aim of analyzing movement across tournaments and continents. Method: To do this, we collected and analyzed official match reports from the tournament and came up with the following results. Results: First, the Asian Cup had higher movement than the World Cup in Total Distance, Zone 1 (walk), and Zone 3 (run). Second, the World Cup had higher movement than the Asian Cup in the High Speed Runs and Sprints factors. Third, in Total distance, the Asian Cup has higher movement and South America has lower movement. In Zone 2 and Zone 3, the movement of South America is lower than the other continents. Fourth, High Speed Runs is dominated by Europe. Sprints were lower for the Asian Cup. This study compares soccer styles and playing strategies across continents and races in the World Cup and Asian Cup. Conclusion: This study was able to diagnose the performance of Asian soccer and identify areas that need to be improved in the future. We hope that this research will help Asian countries develop their training programs and tactics.
    Keyword:Soccer, World Cup, Asian Cup, Movement, Distance Traveled
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of home training(HT) and gym train-ing(GT) on body composition and basic physical fitness in female college students. Method: In this study, 39 female first-year physical education students enrolled in K University in D city were selected as the subjects of the home training group(HT, n=15), gym training group(GT, n=12), and control group(Con, n=12). The subjects were fully informed of the purpose of the study and gave their vol-untary consent to participate in the study. Body composition was measured by Weight, Body Mass Index, Percent Body Fat, Body Fat Mass, Lean Body Mass, and Skeletal Muscle Mass. Physical fitness was meas-ured by grip strength, sit-ups, vertical jump, sitting trunk flexion, and standing on one leg with eyes closed. The exercise program consisted of a warm-up, main exercises(upper body, core, and lower body), and a cool-down, with the core exercises being the same for both programs. Data processing for this study was performed using the SPSS 27.0 statistical program to calculate the mean and standard deviation for each measure, and a two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to examine the effect of each item by group and time of measurement. If the interaction was significant, a paired samples t-test was performed, and a one-way analysis of variance was performed to analyze the difference in the mean of the dependent variable between groups at the same time point. Statistical significance was considered at p<.05 for all measures. Results: The main effects of body composition period were significant(p<.05) for body weight, LBM, and skeletal muscle mass, with no significant group interaction. Post hoc tests of the main effect of time revealed a significant main effect for body weight, but no significant post hoc differences from pre to post for any group. The main effects of physical fitness period were significant(p<.01) for the vertical jump, grip strength(left), grip strength(right), sit-ups, and standing on one leg with eyes closed, but the group interaction was not significant for all items. Post hoc tests of the main effect of time showed that the HT group significantly(p<.05) increased from pre to post in the standing vertical jump, grip strength(left) was signifi-cantly(p<.05) lower in the GT group from pre to post, and sit-ups were significantly(p<.01) higher in the HT group from pre to post. Conclusion: Gathering the results above, the home training group showed an increase in sit-ups and vertical jump in place from the pre- to post-training, it is possible to see some effectiveness of the training, but it is difficult to clear conclusions. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of home training.
    Keyword:Female College Students, Home Training, Gym Training, Body Composition, Physical Fitness
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the alterations in muscle fibers in Parkinson's dis-ease(PD). The following were our review questions. (1)How has research on type I myofiber grouping in PD developed over time? (2)What kinds of muscles are affected in which patients? (3)What are some possible pathophysiology and mechanisms? Does type I myofiber grouping in PD differ from primary sarcopenia that occurs with aging? (4)What are the clinical implications and possible therapeutic approaches for type I myofiber grouping in PD?. Method: To investigate the questions, we used combinations of keywords such as “Parkinson”, “skeletal muscle”, “myofiber type”, “fast twitch”, “slow twitch”, “myofiber grouping”, and “motor unit” in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles on PD patients and normal elderlies that dealt with type I myofiber grouping and motor unit alterations were included. References in the included articles were also considered. Results: Research over the past five decades has identified various motor abnormalities and myofiber alterations in PD patients, including the hypertrophy of slow-twitch type I myofibers and atrophy of fast-twitch type II myofibers across different muscles. One important finding is that Type I myofiber grouping, which is common in aging, is more severe in PD, which could be due to the selective activation of low-threshold motor units and could be also linked to abnormal alpha-synuclein aggregation, a factor associ-ated with PD. Conclusion: Research suggests that type I myofiber grouping in muscles, not just dopaminergic cell damage in the substantia nigra, could influence motor symptoms of PD, indicating that alternative treat-ments beyond dopaminergic drugs, such as high-intensity exercise, might be beneficial. However, given the limitations in these studies, such as small participant numbers and the complexity of PD pathophysiology, future research is needed to fully understand the phenomena in different PD subtypes and to develop more effective treatments.
    Keyword:Parkinson’s Disease, Neurodegenerative Disease, Skeletal Muscle, Type I Myofiber Grouping, Scoping Review
  • Purpose: This study examined the effects of XCO-Trainer exercise on shoulder pain, dysfunction, range of motion, scapular position, and quality of life in women who had undergone breast cancer surgery. Method: This study was carried out on 37 breast cancer survivors. The participants were divided ran-domly into an XCO-Trainer exercise group(XBG=16) and a general breast cancer group(GBG=15). Outcomes, such as the Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale(QVAS), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index(SPADI), range of motion(ROM), Scapular Index(SI), and Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-Breast(FACT-B), were measured pre- and post- intervention for both groups. Results: A significant improvement in pain, functional disability level, range of motion, scapular position, and quality of life was observed in both groups(p<.01). Significant differences in pain, functional disability level, range of motion, scapular position, and quality of life post-test were observed between the two groups(p<.01). Conclusion: The XCO-Trainer exercise treatment has a positive effect on breast cancer patients.
    Keyword:Breast Cancer, FACT-B, QVAS, SI, XCO-Trainer
  • Purpose: Parkinson’s disease(PD), the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease, is a movement disorder that manifests unilaterally. Clinical studies, neuroimaging studies, and longitudinal studies all indicate that the clinical features and progression of PD are asymmetric. The asymmetry of PD is thought to be an important clue in under-standing the disease's pathophysiology. The purpose of this study is to see how the concept of PD asymmetry evolved over time, to identify the different types of asymmetry that can be seen in PD, and to understand the clinical implications of the different types of asymmetry in PD. Method: The following were our review questions. (1)How has PD asymmetry research evolved over time? (2)What types of asymmetry can be seen in PD? (3)What are the clinical implications of the various types of asymmetry seen in PD? To investigate such questions, we used the keywords "Parkinson" and(“symmetry” or “asymmetry”) in PubMed. Articles about idiopathic Parkinson’s disease(iPD) patients with a clear concept of symmetry or asymmetry that were peer-reviewed and written in English were included. The type of article, participants, three main keywords, and the type of symmetry concepts in the study were extracted. We excluded studies that did not include patients with idiopathic PD or that did not have a clear concept of symmetry. Results: Based on a PubMed search, the number of published articles on iPD and symmetry gradually in-creased beginning in the 1980s. Of the 563 articles that were initially searched, 333 articles were related to both iPD and symmetry or asymmetry concepts. There were 171 articles on nervous system asymmetry, 133 on motor symptoms and gait asymmetry, 24 on disease presentation asymmetry, and 5 on anatomical or histological structures asymmetry. The majority(n = 70) of the 171 studies on nervous system asymmetry dealt with lateralization of brain function and the resulting asymmetries in motor symptoms and disease manifestations in iPD patients. Conclusion: Asymmetry in iPD patients has mainly been studied based on nervous system asymmetry, motor symptoms, and overall disease presentation. Other types of asymmetry, such as asymmetry in anatomical and histological structures, have been studied in some studies. Asymmetry in iPD is not only an inherent feature of the disease; it also appears to be related to the disease's various symptoms and signs. As a result, more research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of iPD and to provide iPD patients with a prognosis and advice for disease management.
    Keyword:Parkinson’s Disease, Neurodegenerative Disease, Motor Symptoms, Asymmetry, Scoping Review
  • Purpose: This study aims to examine and suggest development directions to revitalize the process of figure skating with disability in Korea. Method: In this study, literature analysis was conducted by investigating research data on figure skating for the people with disability in order to examine the process in Korea and suggest ways to revitalize it. In addition, data of sports organizations such as the Korea Paralympic committee and Special Olympics Korea were collected to find out the need for sports for the people with disability, the characteristics and value of skating, and to find ways to revitalize figure skating. Results: This study grasped the current status and collected and analyzed data to cope with the changing environment of sports for the people with disability and the changes occurring in the field of figure skating for the people with disability. The conclusions and suggestions are as follows. First, as a representative organization of winter sports for people with disability, figure skating can be included in the national winter competition for people with disability, which can play a role in the increase of the ice skating population with the Special Olympic Korea Committee. Second, various positive effects can be physically and mentally through the continuous participation of disabled people in figure skating, and balanced development should be established by establishing a linkage system from sports people with disability to professional sports for the purpose of improving and developing performance. When planning projects related to professional sports, sports for all, and school sports for people with disabilities, the purpose of establishing pleasant experiences, social skills, and health improvement through physical activities, and fostering professional athletes and developing performance. Third, there should be many stadiums where athletes can officially practice. Dongcheon Ice Rink was established for the first time for the people with disability, but it is regrettable that there are other cases where training for the people with disability on the ice rink is restricted for safety reasons. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, Skating events for the people with disability are divided into short track and figure skating, and are held annually at the National Winter Games for the people with disability and the Special Olympics Winter Games. As a result, it is considered meaningful to find various ways to revitalize figure skating for the people with disability so that they can induce more participation than before COVID-19. In the future, if we create an environment where people with disability can train freely, more figure skaters will be created. Finally, in the follow-up study, it is considered that there is a need for expanded research targeting experts in the special sports field, leaders by event, and participants.
    Keyword:Figure Skating, Special Olympic, People with Disability, Intellectual Disability, Ice Rink