International Journal of Human & Disaster

Purpose: Terrorism, such as sabotage, leads to national disasters such as war, and the response system has changed over time. As defined by William Sturgiss Lind immediately after the end of the Cold War in 1989, it has changed from people, weapons, and information to irregular threats encompassing all of these. Now, with the 4th Industrial Revolution, it is expected that false information such as videos, images, texts, and voices will be utilized through artificial intelligence (AI) deep-fake technology, and quantum computers, biotechnology and gene editing, robotics and AI drones, and artificial neural networks will develop into new threats. Method: This study is an English extension of a paper published in Korean, and expands the national terrorism response system from the perspective of civilian cooperation to the perspective of war following a national disaster. Results: This study first identified relative poverty and radicalization as the causes of sabotage terrorism that lead to national disasters. Furthermore, it categorized the network structure of terrorist organizations through recent Internet use into security maintenance, belief systems, support groups, and organizational structure. Second, it proposed a plan to introduce CPTED, voluntary neighborhood watch groups, and detective activities as a basis for national disaster response systems, citing beneficiary pays theory, pooling theory, and economic reductionism. Furthermore, from a Northeast Asian perspective, it discussed the need for national disaster preparedness in Northeast Asia in light of the Russia-North Korea military alliance. Conclusion: First, based on the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, national counterterrorism strategies are categorized into a "threat-based approach" and a "vulnerability-based approach." Second, by revisiting the case of the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), we introduce the social conflict surrounding counterterrorism agencies' intelligence activities and the dilemma of the conflicting values of "threat intelligence" and "personal information." Third, we examine the relationship between counterterrorism agencies and domestic politics, drawing on the examples of the FBI and CIA and proposing a model for the U.S. Office of the National Intelligence Service (ODNI).

Purpose: Korean Wild-simulated Ginseng is designated as a Specially Managed Forest Product by the Korea Forest Service. However, systematic research and standard cultivation guidelines often differ from the actual cultivation practices. Therefore, this study conducted an experimental study to determine the effects of ginsenoside content on the environmental conditions of wild Ginseng cultivation sites in the Pyeongchang region of Korea. Method: Ten 10-year-old Wild-simulated Ginseng samples were collected from each of four Pyeongchang cultivation sites. Six factors were examined to determine the location of Wild-simulated Ginseng: slope, slope direction, elevation, tree type, diameter at breast height, and tree height. Soil physicochemical properties were analyzed according to topographic conditions, including pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, and cation exchange capacity. Results: Soil physicochemical properties of Wild-simulated Ginseng cultivation sites generally showed higher ginsenoside content in broadleaf areas than in coniferous areas. Statistical analysis results showed statistically significant differences between coniferous and broadleaf regions in cultivation sites A, B, and C, while cultivation site D showed little difference between coniferous and broadleaf regions. Ginsenoside content analysis revealed high levels of Re, Rb1, and Rg1, in that order, confirming the main components of Pyeongchang cultivated Ginseng. Conclusion: These research results suggest that selecting cultivation sites similar to the optimal growth environment for Wild-simulated Ginseng is essential for producing high-quality Wild-simulated Ginseng. We hope that the comparative analysis of ginsenoside content across different cultivation sites presented in this study can contribute to the production of high-quality wild Ginseng and increased income for forestry workers.

Purpose: A mountain village refers to a settlement in a mountainous region, defined by the Forest Basic Act as an area where forest land covers at least 70% of the administrative district, with low population density and arable land ratio. Mountain villages in Gyeongsangbuk-do face challenges such as population decline and aging, with a high proportion of elderly residents exceeding the national average. Moreover, most new settlers are in their 50s and 60s, increasingly choosing these areas for their natural environment. This study aims to propose strategies for regenerating mountain villages into sustainable residential and stay environments. Method: Survey results indicate a shared recognition among residents and visitors of the need for regeneration. Residents prioritize community revitalization and policies encouraging population inflow, while visitors highlight the need for improved accommodations and residential infrastructure. Based on these findings, three regeneration models are proposed: (1) the population influx model, promoting sustainable settlement and better living conditions; (2) the forest healing model, enhancing recreational and therapeutic functions of forest resources; and (3) the community happiness model, fostering economic and social sustainability. Results: Each model suggests specific pilot projects. The population influx model is demonstrated by Dumari Mountain Village in Pohang, focusing on new accommodation facilities and forest-based pro-grams. The forest healing model is exemplified by Jukpari Mountain Village in Yeongyang, utilizing its birch forest for healing spaces and residential improvements. The community happiness model applies to Noryuri Mountain Village in Sangju, aiming at facility renovations and community-led economic development. Conclusion: Beyond environmental improvements, mountain village regeneration must ensure economic and communal sustainability. Active support from both central and local governments, along with coordinated efforts from the Korea Forest Service and related institutions, is essential. This study provides a foundation for future policies in Gyeongsangbuk-do, contributing to strategies for countering regional population decline and fostering sustainable rural development.

Purpose: More and more people are seeking forests to escape the complexities of urban competition and soothe their weary minds by walking along forest trails. This study aimed to provide basic data for providing better opportunities for forest trail users by identifying the spatial characteristics and usage patterns of forest trails, as well as their satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Method: Data for this study were collected from March to April 2025. The self-administered questionnaire was administered by respondents, who were asked to check their responses. A total of 300 questionnaires were collected, but 35 were excluded due to statistical limitations. A total of 265 valid questionnaires were used for analysis. The analysis was conducted using the statistical programs SPSS 28.0 and Amos 28.0, including frequency analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, initial probability analysis (IPA), and path analysis. Results: Forest trail spatial characteristics had a positive effect on satisfaction with forest trail use, while forest trail usage behavior had no effect on satisfaction with forest trail use. forest trail usage satisfaction had a positive effect on behavioral intention, while forest trail spatial characteristics had a positive effect on behavioral intention. forest trail usage behavior did not appear to influence behavioral intention. Conclusion: As significant differences were found among forest trail users' usage behavior, spatial characteristics, forest trail satisfaction, and behavioral intentions, it is expected that policy measures can be suggested to meet the expectations of forest trail users in terms of creating future forest trails and operating them appropriately.