Analysis of the Lower Limb Muscles' Function for the Prevention of KNEE JOINT INJURIES of the Intramural Baseball Pitchers of Colleges and Universities
Vol.6 (No.2) 2021
Author
admin
Date
2021-06-30 13:53
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1824
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this analysis is to provide the basic data for the prevention of knee joint damages by analyzing differences in the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints as per the pitching speed of 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities.
Method: The subjects of this study were 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities, whose length of experiences were 2 to 7 years. By measuring the pitching speed, they were classified as S1 group whose maximum ball speed was 110km/h or greater, S2 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 110km/h to 100km/h or greater, and S3 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 100km/h, respectively. The isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints was measured for all of the 3 groups, and the strength of the left and right flexors and extensors were measured at 60°, 180°, and 240°, respectively. The data processing for this study was performed by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program to calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of the items, and the one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences for each item by group, while using the Tukey method as an ex post analysis between the groups. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression was performed to identify the influence of the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints according to the angular speed on the pitching speed. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05, respectively.
Results: The results of measuring the isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints are as follows. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 60°, the S1 group turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left flexors and extensors than S3 group. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 180°, the S1 and S2 groups turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left extensors than the S3 group. As for the PT measured at an angular speed of 240°, S1 and S2 groups in the left extensor turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) than S3 group. As for the WPR, S1 group turned out to be significantly(p<.05) higher than S3 group. The results of performing the multiple linear regression are as follows with a view to discover the effect of isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints on the pitching speed. At the angular speeds of 180° and 240°, the regression segments of the left knee joint extensors for both the PT and WPR turned out to have a significant effect at the 5% level. R2, which is the explanatory power of the regression model which explains changes in the pitching speed for the left knee joint extensors, turned out to have an explanatory power in the range of 37.9-55.5%, respectively.
Conclusion: Gathering the results above, it turned out that the higher the pitching speed for the group, the superior the muscular function, and in particular, the extensors on the left side demonstrated such remarkably pronounced characteristics. Such results suggest that the extensor muscles could influence the pitching speed for the stretching motion(acceleration) of the left legs during the pitching. Furthermore, in order to prevent injuries, attention ought to be paid to strengthening the counter muscular of the muscles which are primarily used.
Method: The subjects of this study were 21 intramural baseball players of colleges and universities, whose length of experiences were 2 to 7 years. By measuring the pitching speed, they were classified as S1 group whose maximum ball speed was 110km/h or greater, S2 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 110km/h to 100km/h or greater, and S3 group whose maximum ball speed was less than 100km/h, respectively. The isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints was measured for all of the 3 groups, and the strength of the left and right flexors and extensors were measured at 60°, 180°, and 240°, respectively. The data processing for this study was performed by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program to calculate the mean and standard deviation for each of the items, and the one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences for each item by group, while using the Tukey method as an ex post analysis between the groups. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression was performed to identify the influence of the isokinetic muscular function of knee joints according to the angular speed on the pitching speed. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05, respectively.
Results: The results of measuring the isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints are as follows. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 60°, the S1 group turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left flexors and extensors than S3 group. As for the PT and WPR measured at an angular speed of 180°, the S1 and S2 groups turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) in the left extensors than the S3 group. As for the PT measured at an angular speed of 240°, S1 and S2 groups in the left extensor turned out to be significantly higher(p<.05) than S3 group. As for the WPR, S1 group turned out to be significantly(p<.05) higher than S3 group. The results of performing the multiple linear regression are as follows with a view to discover the effect of isokinetic muscular strength of knee joints on the pitching speed. At the angular speeds of 180° and 240°, the regression segments of the left knee joint extensors for both the PT and WPR turned out to have a significant effect at the 5% level. R2, which is the explanatory power of the regression model which explains changes in the pitching speed for the left knee joint extensors, turned out to have an explanatory power in the range of 37.9-55.5%, respectively.
Conclusion: Gathering the results above, it turned out that the higher the pitching speed for the group, the superior the muscular function, and in particular, the extensors on the left side demonstrated such remarkably pronounced characteristics. Such results suggest that the extensor muscles could influence the pitching speed for the stretching motion(acceleration) of the left legs during the pitching. Furthermore, in order to prevent injuries, attention ought to be paid to strengthening the counter muscular of the muscles which are primarily used.
Keyword:Knee Joint, Isokinetic Muscular Strength, Muscular Function, Intramural Baseball Pitchers of Colleges and Universities, Pitching Speed
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Purpose: This study evaluates the toxicological hazards of paraphenylenediamine(PPD) to establish safety assessment protocols and occupational protection strategies for the beauty industry. PPD is internationally classified as a category 1A skin sensitizer, and particular attention is given to the safety risks associated with “black henna” products containing illegally high concentrations of PPD and misleading “natural” claims. By comparing international regulatory standards, this study aims to propose a risk-management framework to enhance protection for both beauty practitioners and consumers from preventable chemical hazards. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted using international and domestic databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, KISS, and RISS) covering studies published between 2000 and 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on PPD-related toxicological mechanisms, chemical detection in black henna products, occupational contact dermatitis, and official safety regulations issued by the FDA, EU SCCS, and MFDS. Data were synthesized through structured thematic analysis across four safety domains: molecular toxicology, occupational and consumer expo-sure risks, regulatory frameworks, and evidence-based safety management strategies. Results: PPD was found to be associated with acute and chronic contact dermatitis, pigmentary disorders, and severe systemic toxicities, including methemoglobinemia. Epidemiological evidence indicates that approximately 20-30% of Korean hairdressers experience hair dye-related dermatologic symptoms, with sensitization rates in-creasing with employment duration. Investigations by the Korea Consumer Agency reported that products mis-leadingly labeled as “chemical-free” contained up to 1.0% PPD and levels of microbial contamination exceeding safety standards by as much as 11,000-fold. Comparative regulatory analysis further showed that the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) enforces the strictest controls, limiting the final concentration of PPD in hair dyes to ≤2% and prohibiting its use in temporary skin tattoos. Conclusion: PPD represents a high-risk allergenic chemical associated with significant occupational and consumer exposure concerns. Strengthening domestic safety management requires the implementation of mandatory patch testing, enhanced ingredient labeling and regulatory enforcement, improved ventilation and use of personal protective equipment, and the continued development and adoption of safer alternatives to PPD.Keyword:Paraphenylenediamine(PPD), Black Henna, Hair Dye Safety, Allergic Sensitizer, Cosmetic Safety
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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the current status of elderly care service provision in a hyper-aged society and to provide foundational evidence for the development of elderly care policies. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed using secondary data from 2022 to 2023. The study population included adults aged 65 years and older residing in Province J. Data were obtained from publicly available sources, including the National Health Insurance Service, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and local government statistics related to long-term care insurance, customized elderly care services, and elderly welfare services. Variables analyzed included long-term care eligibility, service utilization rates, caregiving types, and the size of care blind spots. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted using frequencies, percentages, and estimated population ranges. Results: Approximately 68,000 older adults in Province J were eligible for long-term care services, accounting for 16.24% of the elderly population, which is about 4 percentage points higher than the national average. The total number of users of long-term care and customized elderly care services was approximately 97,000, representing 23.04% of the elderly population. The private caregiving rate was high at 61.2%, with family caregiving accounting for 53.9%, paid caregiving for 2.9%, and other caregiving for 4.4%. An estimated 9,700 older adults were identified as being in care blind spots, with the number increasing with age. In addition, approximately 21,000 older adults were estimated to be in dementia-related care blind spots. The total number of elderly individuals utilizing care services ranged from 96,000 to 121,000. Conclusion: As the transition to a super-aged society accelerates, a substantial proportion of older adults re-main outside the formal care system. These findings highlight the need for a rational assessment system to identify care needs accurately and to provide customized care based on functional status. Furthermore, the establishment of integrated community-based care centers and sustainable public–private partnerships is essential to reduce care blind spots and strengthen elderly care service delivery.Keyword:Elderly, Super-Aged Society, Tailored, Care Services, Long-Term Care Services
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Purpose: This study aims to identify the structural relationships between ecological resources and visitor pres-sure across 29 provincial parks in Korea. The analysis further seeks to compare characteristics across park types and derive management implications based on identified patterns. Given the wide variation in resource conditions and limited existing research, an integrated evaluation of ecological value and visitor infrastructure was required. Method: Excluding one DMZ-adjacent park, 29 provincial parks were classified into four types—mountain, urban, coastal, and wetland. Indicators of ecological resources and visitor pressure were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis. This approach enabled a comprehensive assessment of re-source distributions, inter-type differences, and structural linkages among variables. Results: Mountain-type parks exhibited the highest levels of ecological richness and visitor infrastructure, while coastal and wetland parks showed comparatively lower values. Strong positive correlations were identified among major indicators, including plant–animal species richness, trail length–segment count, and budget–staff capacity. These findings indicate that resources, use, and management systems operate in interdependent rather than isolated forms. Conclusion: Ecological resources and visitor pressure differed significantly across park types, and clear structural linkages were observed among indicators. These results suggest the need for differentiated, type-specific management strategies rather than uniform approaches. Integrated systems connecting budget, staffing, and facilities were found to be essential for efficient park management.Keyword:Provincial Parks, Ecological Resources, Visitor Pressure, Park Management, Correlation Analysis
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Purpose: The core objective of the current study was to assess how cyberbullying victimization influences academic helplessness in elementary students, specifically focusing on the mediating role of attention problems. Method: This study involved 338 students from grades 4 to 6 in elementary schools located in the Seoul metropolitan area. The participants were surveyed on levels of cyberbullying victimization, attention problems, and academic helplessness. Data analysis was conducted via descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, followed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The results of the analysis were as follows. Firstly, cyberbullying victimization in elementary school students was found to significantly increase both attention problems and academic helplessness. Secondly, attention problems were found to significantly increase academic helplessness. Thirdly, attention problems were found to mediate the relationship between cyberbullying victimization and academic helplessness. Specifically, the fol-lowing sequential pathway was identified as significant: ‘cyberbullying victimization → attention problems → academic helplessness’. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the harm of cyberbullying extends to cognitive and academic domains, beyond emotional distress. The study provides new insights for developing effective support systems that address not only the emotional aftermath but also the cognitive and academic difficulties faced by cyberbullying victims.Keyword:Cyberbullying Victimization, Academic Helplessness, Attention Problems, Elementary School Students, Insight
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Purpose: This study aims to explore the awareness of health management among Korean police officers ac-cording to their working period. Health management ensures rapid on-site response and continuous work performance, and helps with stress management and accident prevention. Physical and mental health management is important for improving personal well-being and job performance efficiency. Ultimately, this will enhance trust among citizens and support sustainable operation of the organization. Therefore, this study will enable us to understand the current status of health management among Korean police officers. Method: The data processing of this study was conducted using the statistical package program SPSS 23.0 Program, and statistical verification was performed as follows according to the purpose of data analysis. First, frequency analysis was conducted using the SPSS/PC+23.0 program to identify general characteristics. Second, One Way ANOVA was conducted to identify differences in health management awareness according to working period. Results: This study explored the differences in health management awareness by working period of police officers, and the results of the study showed no significant differences in health management by working period. The reasons why health management has become important in Korea were analyzed as economic development, improved education level, development of medical technology, government policy, and changes in social awareness. Economic development increased income and accessibility to medical services, and improved education level activated health education. In addition, advanced medical technology and the national health insurance system promote early diagnosis and preventive treatment, and the government's health promotion policy and social Well-being trend can be seen as increasing health management awareness. Conclusion: First, we need to build a customized health care system to prevent and manage chronic diseases. Second, we need to eliminate the gap in access to medical services between urban and rural areas. Third, we need to strengthen education and training programs to improve the quality of medical personnel. Fourth, we need to improve the efficiency and accessibility of medical services through the introduction of digital healthcare. Finally, we need to strengthen international cooperation and global healthcare cooperation.Keyword:Healthcare, Working Period, Public Official, Police Officer, Special Characteristics of Korea
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how inattention & hyperactivity/impulsivity tendencies, and peer relationships among elementary school students interact and influence school bullying victimization. Method: This study involved 395 students from grades 4 to 6 in elementary schools located in the capital area. The participants were surveyed on inattention & hyperactivity/impulsivity tendencies, negative peer relationships, and levels of school bullying victimization. The collected data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: The results of the analysis were as follows. Firstly, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and negative peer relationships in elementary school students were found to increase school bullying victimization. Secondly, these factors were found to interact with each other, further increasing the likelihood of school bullying victimization. Specifically, the following three pathways were identified as significant: ‘hyperactivity/impulsivity → inattention → school bullying victimization’, ‘ hyperactivity/impulsivity → negative peer relationship → school bullying victimization’, and ‘negative peer relationship → inattention → school bullying victimization’. Conclusion: These findings of this study provide new insights for developing effective programs and policies aimed at preventing and addressing school bullying among elementary school students, a growing societal concern.Keyword:Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Peer Relationship, School Bullying
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Purpose: The proportion of elderly people in Korea is expected to increase rapidly every year, making it the country with the fastest-aging population in the world. The 'Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism' and the 'Ministry of Health and Welfare' are proposing various policies such as the cultural policy for the elderly and the silver cultural policy. However, they are not meeting rapidly changing social needs. Elderly people prefer outdoor spaces to spend their leisure time more actively rather than indoors, such as existing senior centers or welfare centers. Method: Cities and provinces across the country were divided into megacities, large cities, medium-sized cities, small cities, and rural-centered cities according to population size. For each city, 10 cities and counties were select-ed as target sites, and data on population status by city and year and the area and quantity of living area parks were organized. Using the surveyed data, researchers conducted user demand analysis and supply adequacy analysis by city. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Spss Statistics 21 statistical program was used. Results: As a result of analyzing the difference between the ratio of children and the elderly by city size, the ratio of children is decreasing in small cities and rural centers due to low birth rates and aging, while the ratio of elderly people continues to increase. The adequacy evaluation index of supply and demand for children's parks according to city size was found to be high in big cities. The evaluation index of park supply adequacy for the elderly was found to be high in rural central cities. Conclusion: In modern society, which has entered an aging society, in order to solve the problem of the elderly, a plan is needed to convert underutilized children's parks in small cities or central rural cities into rest and exercise spaces for the elderly. The existing children's park is located in a residential area where anyone can access it, so it is not only highly accessible for the elderly but can also improve the aesthetics of the city through redevelopment and rebuilding.Keyword:Children's Park, Living Area Park, Elderly Population, Aging, Complex Cultural Space
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify trends in middle-aged women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast self-examination and to enable middle-aged women to perform breast self-examination on their own by providing breast self-examination education. Method: The subjects were middle-aged women aged between 35 and 60 who were students receiving training at the J City Korean Traditional Music Center. From March 12, 2022, to May 27, 2022, they underwent education on breast cancer and breast self-examination. This is a quasi-experimental design study with a single-group pre-test and post-test, surveying knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast self-examination before and after the education. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0. Results: Regarding breast self-examination knowledge, the average pre-education score was 9.62, and the average post-education score was 11.45. When comparing the level of knowledge before and after the education, the average knowledge score increased by 1.83 points. The average pre-education attitude toward breast self-examination was 40.44 points, and the post-education attitude was 49.12 points, showing an average increase of 8.68 points. Initially, 15 participants performed breast self-examination, with an average pre-education practice score of 9.01. After the education, out of 32 participants, 29 performed the breast self-examination, with a post-education practice score averaging 22.83. The results show that the number of participants who practiced breast self-examination more than doubled when comparing before and after the education. Conclusion: Breast self-examination education increases the level of breast self-examination practice, which plays a significant role in the early detection of breast cancer by self-administration. Therefore, continuous educational programs should be provided.Keyword:Middle-Aged Women, Breast Self-Examination, Knowledge, Attitude, Degree of Implementation of Breast Self-Examination
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Purpose: Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialists(PDNS) play a vital role in delivering personalized care to individuals affected by Parkinson's disease(PD) and their families. This paper explores the multifaceted responsibilities of PDNS in managing and providing comprehensive care for the unique needs of PD patients. Additionally, it delves deeper into the specialized qualifications and training opportunities available for PDNS, with a particular focus on the United Kingdom's National Health Service(NHS). Method: A systematic review of literature and publications from reputable sources, including PubMed, The Lancet, Parkinson's Europe, and Parkinson's UK, has been conducted to gather pertinent information and insights regarding the crucial role of PDNS in enhancing the quality of life for PD patients. It also includes reviewing the latest PDNS learning pathway guidelines and the EU’s PD care manifesto. Results: A growing number of PD patients and families face communication difficulties with healthcare professionals, particularly consultants. There is a lack of awareness about the disease and its symptoms, which results in delayed diagnosis and inconsistent care plans. During consultations, there is a mismatch between the information provided and the information desired. Publications emphasize the critical roles of PDNS in the delivery of personalized care plans, emphasizing the importance of effective patient-provider communication for optimal plans. Conclusion: Effective communication and understanding of PD patients' and their family members' circumstances and emotional well-being contribute to informed care plans. PDNS play diverse roles in providing comprehensive patient and family support. They serve as primary contacts, walking alongside patients in their PD journey. It is vital for PDNS to cultivate a trusted relationship and receive ongoing support to enhance their skills. Government and charities hold critical roles in raising awareness and creating learning opportunities for PDNS and healthcare professionals. Research shows low shared decision-making in European PD care plans, leading to treatment inconsistencies. The European Union recognizes the importance of funding further research, stressing knowledge sharing for well-informed and standardized care plans, benefiting PD patients and families.Keyword:Parkinson’s Nurse Specialist, PDNS, Personalized PD Care, Parkinson’s Care Plans, TCM in Parkinson's
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influences of elementary school students' ADHD tendency on their emotional problems such as depression and anxiety, and to verify the mediating effects of social relation-ships, specifically friend support, on these influences. Method: This study involved 456 students from two elementary schools in the capital area. The participants were surveyed regarding their ADHD tendency, friend support, depression, and anxiety levels. The data gathered were subsequently analyzed using a Structural Equation Model. Results: The results of the study are as follows: first, it was discovered that ADHD tendency in elementary school students directly affect friend support negatively. Second, the ADHD tendency was found to increase their levels of depression and anxiety, either directly or indirectly. Third, the ADHD tendency was shown to augment depression and anxiety via the route of friend support. Specifically, it was found that the paths of ‘ADHD tendency → friend support → depression’, ‘ADHD tendency → depression → anxiety’, ‘ADHD tendency → friend support → depression → anxiety’ were statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study can serve as basic data for developing effective emotional intervention programs for students with ADHD tendency, by identifying the specific paths through which these students' ADHD tendency influence their emotional difficulties.Keyword:ADHD, ADHD Tendency, Friend Support, Depression, Anxiety
