International journal of martial arts

Purpose: Health Qigong is an exercise that moves slowly to rhythm and is a type of slow exercise based theoretically on Chinese medicine. In this study, we sought to find out how people who are practicing Health Qigong for the first time are experiencing changes in their perception. Accordingly, this study was conducted for the purpose of examining the universality and specificity of Health Qigong compared to other sports from the perspective of beginners practicing Health Qigong. Method: Six beginners in Health Qigong who could provide sufficient answers to the research topic were selected as participants. The study participants participated in a total of 15 training programs and 1 presentation over 4 months and consisted of 3 men and 3 women. The data analysis process used Colaizzi's six-step analysis method in the phenomenological research method among qualitative research methods, and structured the changes in perception according to the participants' experiences by dividing them into universality and specificity. In addition, the participants' facial expressions and gestures were recorded and used as additional observation data and reflected in the research results. Results: As a result of the study, 3 categories, 7 topic bundles, and 15 subjects were finally identified. In the category of universality, physical, emotional, and convenience of space use were identified, and in the category of differentiation, movement characteristics and exercise types were identified, and convenience and fun were identified in the Health Qigong presentation. Conclusion: The results of this study will be meaningful in that they provide an opportunity to continue the cycle of participation by identifying the uniqueness of the Health Qigong program. In future research, specific and practical educational plans should be presented to expand the base of the program as well as research on the effects of Health Qigong training.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of Silver Taekwondo in enhancing the physical and psychological health of elderly individuals in a super-aged society. Based on this analysis, the study aims to provide foundational data for expanding and revitalizing the practice of Silver Taekwondo and to propose methods for maintaining health through sustained physical activity among the elderly. Method: This study used major academic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and KISS to find peer-reviewed papers and policy reports from the past decade with keywords such as 'Silver Physical Activities,' 'Elderly Physical Activities,' 'Taekwondo,' and 'Senior Taekwondo.' The literature was analyzed to assess the current state and key issues of Silver Physical Activities and Silver Taekwondo. Data reliability was ensured through repeated reviews and discussions by the researchers and a peer expert group. Results: The study found that From 2015 to 2023, the number of Silver Taekwondo participants, programs, and facilities increased, with participation rates rising from 2.5% to 5.5%. Despite improved online support due to COVID-19, issues such as accessibility, economic constraints, and program inadequacy persist. While community cooperation and online support have increased since 2021, facility shortages and a lack of qualified experts re-main unresolved, underscoring the need for comprehensive approaches and policy efforts. Conclusion: To promote the active participation of elderly individuals in Silver Taekwondo, it is necessary to develop tailored programs that align with their physical conditions and health levels, improve accessibility to public and private Taekwondo facilities, enhance the expertise of instructors through training and certification systems, expand policy support and financial incentives, and establish regular feedback mechanisms. A strategic approach incorporating these elements is expected to improve both the physical and mental health of the elderly and increase participation rates.

Purpose: Modern Judo has developed with traditional techniques, changes in game rules, and increased inter-national exchange. Recently, the rules have changed to a more aggressive direction, and coaches are studying new techniques inspired by Russian Sambo and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). Accordingly, Judo training must become more scientific and systematic through data and video analysis. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the use of techniques by Korean middle and high school and university judo players to maintain international competitiveness in line with these changes. Method: First, the frequency analysis was performed to examine and understand the general characteristics by using the SPSS/PC+23.0 program. Second, to validate the reliability of the survey questionnaire, the Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated. Third, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to find out the structure of the use of attack and defense techniques by judo players. Fourth, correlation analysis was conducted to find out the relationship between the use of attack and defense techniques by judo players. Fifth, regression analysis was conducted to find out the effect of the use of attack techniques by judo players on the use of defense techniques. Results: The results of the correlation analysis of the use of attack and defense techniques by judo players showed a statistically significant correlation of r=0.470, p=0.000, and a simple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine whether the use of attack techniques affects the use of defense techniques. The results showed F=55.000(p<.001), indicating an explanatory power of 22.1%. The use of various techniques by judo players can be explained by strategic diversity in their performance, complementary techniques, responding to various situations, strengthening body parts, improving endurance during the game, and weakening the response ability of opposing players. Conclusion: In judo, the attack and defense techniques are Kuzushi (breaking the balance) - Tsukuri (taking the body position) - Kake (throwing), and each step has a direct and very important effect on the performance. However, in the recent era of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence is being applied to all sports, and Korean judo must develop judo by combining traditional technology with a scientific approach as an IT powerhouse. To this end, it is necessary to utilize artificial intelligence image data analysis, virtual and augmented reality simulation training, motion capture technology, and AI-based customized training programs to provide appropriate feedback to athletes. In addition, in order to resolve the issue of controversy over match judgment, it is also an important task to introduce artificial intelligence referee judgment through international exchange programs to increase the objectivity of judo judgment. It is hoped that this study will lead the future international judo infrastructure and properly develop sports in the 4th industrial revolution.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Judo practitioners on their intention to continue exercising and satisfaction of life through consideration of previous research related to intention to continue exercising and satisfaction of life, thereby improving the development of Judo for sports for all and the satisfaction of Judo practitioners for sports for all while providing the basic data to contribute to help improve the quality of life and ultimately improving the quality of life. Method: The subjects of this study were 200 members attending middle and high schools who practice Judo as part of their daily sports, and were surveyed using stratified cluster random sampling. The collected data were subjected to factor analysis and reliability analysis using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 programs. Results: In this study, the independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine the effect of training according to the characteristics of Judo practitioners on intention to continue exercising and satisfaction of life. First, in the offset analysis of intention to continue exercising and satisfaction, the correlation coefficient between variables turned out to be somewhat high. Second, it turned out to have a positive effect on the intention to continue exercising. Third, it turned out to have a positive effect on the satisfaction of Judo practitioners. Conclusion: The purpose of this study is to articulate and specify the impact of sports for all Judo training on the intention to continue exercising and satisfaction of life, and to provide the basic data that may be used to identify positive changes in individuals by improving mental, physical, and social health through Judo training.

Purpose: This study delves into the significance of Krav Maga training for enhancing self-defense abilities against indiscriminate violence, a societal issue impacting personal safety, and emphasizes its practicality in combination with the Israeli military combat system as a fundamental approach to applying martial arts for self-defense. The study seeks to reevaluate Krav Maga's pivotal role in bolstering self-defense against indiscriminate violence and to identify prospects for its future development. Method: The research method and data collection method to achieve the purpose of this study used electronic literature platform search. Validity as data was verified through triangulation. Results: Krav Maga is a practical and effective self-defense system that originated in Israel, initially developed for military use but later adapted for civilian self-defense. Martial arts for security, military martial arts, and police martial arts programs are presented as a vitalization plan. Conclusion: The revitalization plan for the Krav Maga program against indiscriminate violence can emphasize the importance of a tailored curriculum, certified instructors, scenario-based training, ethical considerations, periodic assessments and interdisciplinary collaborations, and empowers participants self-defense, bodyguards, soldiers and police. Training can be instilled with the aim of ensuring the ability to manage problems effectively in a variety of situations by equipping them with practical self-defense skills, legal awareness and enhanced situational preparedness.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the relationship between body and mind through the process of meditation, which is receiving increasing attention in modern times. This study will contribute to the educational utilization of martial arts in meditation by comparing and analyzing the relationship be-tween body and mind, identifying the body and mind as inseparable, and the training of the body as a technical means to improve the mind and personality. This will contribute to the educational utilization of martial arts in meditation. Method: As one of the data collection methods to study social and cultural phenomena, the method of collecting necessary information through existing literature data was selected. This was approached as a qualitative research method that collects data and interprets the meaning of the phenomenon through the intuitive insight of the researcher. Results: There are two types of meditation: static meditation and dynamic meditation. Static meditation is a seated, stationary practice that involves sitting in a certain posture and focusing your consciousness on a single thought, clearing your mind of distractions, and calming your mind. Dynamic meditation is a form of meditation that involves repetition of certain movements, such as walking or practicing martial arts, in which you imagine an area as a sanctuary and walk a certain distance every day without stopping. As you continue to perform physical exercises, the mind becomes increasingly unresponsive to external stimuli and focuses only on mental images. Repetitive physical exercises like this have the effect of meditation. In this way, practicing Taekwondo or the Chinese martial art of kung fu can have a meditative effect. The Taekwondo curriculum are consisted of 1)The trainees must perform repetitive movements through 360 hours of training 2)1 Dan/Poom holders require 240 hours of training, 2 Dan/Poom holders require 480 hours, 3Dan/Poom holders require 720 hours, 4 Dan/Poom holders require 960 hours, 5 Dan holders require 1200 hours, 6 Dan holders require 1440 hours, 7 Dan holders require 1680 hours, and 8 Dan holders require 2060 hours of training in nine years. These required hours are divided into units for repetitive training such as Poomsae, competition, defeat, character, self-defense, taekwondo physical fitness, taekwondo gymnastics, taekwondo demonstration, and core exercises. Conclusion: The study found that repetitive physical exercises make the mind increasingly unresponsive to external stimuli and focus on mental images. This has the effect of meditation, so martial arts training and meditation are closely related.

Purpose: In this study, it is intended to examine how the athlete's perception of referee's judgment affects game stress from the point of view of Taekwondo breaking athletes. Method: The participants in this study were 421 students who were enrolled in a university that had a Taekwondo demonstration team. As for the data collected in the questionnaire in this study, SPSS 27.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics and frequency analysis to confirm the demographic characteristics of the research participants, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to verify the validity of the survey tool. Results: The correlation coefficients between multiple factors were found to be statistically significant, but the correlation coefficients for some factors were not statistically significant. As a result of verifying the reliability of the factors, fairness .934, promptness .905, consistency .917, reliability .919, game stress .901, referee stress .870, which exceed .70, the criteria suggested by Nunnally and Bernstein(1994), and hence, the reliability of the extracted factor may be seen as suitable. Conclusion: First, the correlation coefficient turned out to be statistically significant, but not statistically significant in the game stress factor. Second, as a result of regression analysis on the effect of university Taekwondo breaking athletes' referee decision recognition on game stress, it turned out that there was no statistically significant effect on fairness, promptness, consistency, and reliability. Third, as a result of regression analysis on the effect of referee judgment perception of university Taekwondo breaking athletes on referee stress, it turned out that there was no statistically significant effect on all factors of fairness, promptness, consistency, and reliability.

Purpose: Korean judo and taekwondo are traditional martial arts disciplines with strong track records at the Olympic and World Championships. Korean judo athletes have proven their international competitiveness by winning many medals for their technique and skill, while taekwondo has also won many medals and gained global recognition. South Korea's martial arts disciplines are grounded in tradition and philosophy, and continue to develop and advance through research and investment. Therefore, we wanted to explore the characteristics of martial arts practice through a survey of university student martial arts athlete in South Korea. Method: This study analyzed the general characteristics of the subjects, differences between variables, and cor-relations through frequency analysis, reliability verification, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and Simple Linear Regression Analysis of Korean martial arts athletes' questionnaires. , and the influence were explored and analyzed. Results: As a result of analyzing followership, stress, empowerment, and organizational commitment of Korean martial arts athletes, the Judo team had a statistically significantly higher followership in all items than the Taekwondo team, and the Judo team had statistically higher stress and empowerment in certain items than the Taekwondo team. was found to be significantly higher. Martial arts events and training starting point were not related to the leader's followership, and martial arts events and university grades were found to be correlated. As a result of the factor analysis, 1-2 sub-factors of followership, stress, empowerment, and organizational commitment were derived. As a result of the correlation analysis, leader followership was significantly correlated with organizational commitment and empowerment, and stress was significantly correlated with organizational commitment and empowerment. As a result of the simple linear regression analysis, it was found that the leader's followership affects organizational commitment and empowerment, and stress has a partial effect on organizational commitment. Conclusion: Compared to the Taekwondo team, the Korean Judo team showed higher levels of followership in all categories, and in some items, stress and empowerment were also higher, which can be explained by differences in martial arts training methods or leadership styles. Martial arts training starting point were not related to the leader's followership, but were found to be related to the university grade. From these results, it can be seen that martial arts and university grades should be considered when forming a team. In the martial arts training team, the leader's followership has a significant effect on organizational commitment and empowerment, and it can be said that stress is also related to organizational commitment. Therefore, the leader must properly adjust the followership style and consider stress management and organizational commitment.

Purpose: This study revealed the effect of taekwondo leaders' sympathy on athletic performance perceived as immersive. Corona 19 has increased anxiety due to abandonment of the university(exercise) due to the cancellation of the tournament. Attempts to provide materials. Method: Players(Kyoruki, Poomsae, demo) who participated in the tournament sponsored by the Korea Taekwondo Association(19th Korea Taekwondo Association President's Cup, 2022 National Taekwondo Champi-onship) for about one month from February to March 2022. A recruitment team was selected in, and a questionnaire was distributed, and a total of 278 copies were used for the final analysis. After explaining the purpose and purpose of this study to the players, questionnaires were distributed. As a data processing method, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, multiplex, and simple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.0, and the following conclusions were drawn based on the results. Results: First, it was found that the sympathy of taekwondo leaders had a significant effect on exercise immersion. Second, the sympathy of taekwondo leaders has been shown to have a significant effect on perceived competitiveness. Third, it was shown that exercise immersion has a significant effect on perceived competitiveness. Conclusion: First, since this study was conducted with players participating in the tournament from February to March 2022, it is somewhat difficult to generalize. Second, since this study was conducted with athletes participating in the official competition hosted by the Korea Taekwondo Association, it is somewhat difficult to generalize to the public confidence of all leaders. Therefore, in follow-up studies, it is judged that more diverse results will be obtained if a long period of time is selected and the study is conducted.

Purpose: While electrolytes and immunity are highlighted as important in terms of the relationship between health and physical activity, immunoglobulin plays such a decisive role in the immune function that defends the human body, and it occurs in multiple tissues, such as the skin, lungs, blood, muscle, etc., affecting an increased risk of infection, including sleep deprivation, mental stress, malnutrition, and weight loss. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the effect of short-term weight loss on body composition and blood electrolyte and immunoglobulin concentrations among non-excellent and excellent Judo athletes. Method: The subjects of this study were 14 male athletes who were currently active as Judo athletes at university and had over 5 years of athlete experience and weight loss experience. For the statistical processing of this study, the mean and standard deviation for each item were calculated using the SPSS 12.0 statistical program, and the Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed according to group(non-excellent athlete and excellent athlete) and time (before the weight loss, 6 days after the weight loss, immediately after the competition, 30 minutes recovery period), and in the case of an interaction effect, the post-test was conducted by contrast test for each period and paired t-test for each period. Results: The changes in body weight(A), total weight without fat(B), and body fat percentage(C) are demon-strated before and after the weight loss(6 days), immediately after the competition, and 30 minutes in the recovery period(A). In terms of the change of body weight over time by group(A), both groups significantly decreased(p<.001) at the weight loss(6 days after) compared to before the weight loss. The changes in Ca(A), Na(B), K(C) and Mg(D) before and after the weight loss(6 days after), immediately after the competition, and 30 minutes of recovery are demonstrated. Comparing the change(A) of Ca between groups by group, both groups significantly decreased during the reduction period compared to before the weight loss(p<.001). The changes in IgA (A), changes in IgG(B), changes in IgM(C) and changes in IgD(D) are demonstrated before and after the weight loss(6 days), immediately after the competition, and after 30 minutes of recovery. Comparing the change in IgA between the periods by group, there was a significant increase in the excessive weight loss(after 6 days) in the excellent athlete group compared to before the weight loss(p<.001). Conclusion: Weight loss is considered to have a negative impact on performance improvement and affect the prematch condition and performance. Based on the results of this study, the scientific weight loss methods and appropriate short- and long-term weight loss will serve as the important basic data for further research to improve the athletic performance among the athletes of weight class.