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  • North Korea has launched a number of missile tests and developed different kinds of missiles. As you know, a ballistic missile can be used as a means for Weapons of Mass Destruction(WMD) by flying most of the flight time outside the atmosphere at high speeds. Due to its flight characteristic, it is difficult to estimate and predict the trajectory of the end-stage flight. In addition, there are technical difficulties in terms of defense. These ballistic missile threats are continuing to be developed since more than 25 countries are in possession of ballistic missiles, such as silos, transportable chemicals, biological or nuclear weapons. After the end of the Cold War, Third World states started to possess some forms of ballistic missiles. That has created a serious security threat, and in particular, the development of North Korean nuclear capabilities and WMD which are threats to Northeast Asian security. Moreover, the participation of Third World states in missile development and technology has been significantly increased. For instance, North Korea's rocket technology is reached at a certain level. And, in December 2012, the satellites of Taepodong-3, a 10,000-km-class ICBM rocket, were orbited. As a result, these threats have now become a global security threat, including to the United States and out of Northeast Asia. Through its experience in developing ballistic missiles over the last three decades, it is true that North Korea has technological limitations, such as reentry technology and miniaturization of nuclear warheads. North Korea conducted the fourth nuclear test with “test hydrogen” in January 2016 and conducted the sixth nuclear test with the “hydrogen bomb for intercontinental ballistic missile(ICBM)” in September 2017. In his 2018 New Year’s Speech, Kim Jong Un announced the “historic accomplishment of completing our nuclear capabilities.” In July and November of the same year, he “successfully” fired the ICBM tests. After all, Kim Jong Un declared "the achievement of the historical cause of the nation's nuclear armed forces and the achievement of the rocket-powered nation" to the world. In the context of this situation, we should analyze North Korea’s ballistic missiles technological level and prospect in near future. Especially, since North Korea had tried to accomplish nuclear experiment and SLBM/ICBM launch, it is very important to evaluate North Korea’s missiles technology and limitations and prospect North Korea’s next action. In order to complement technological problems, North Korea has secured continuous technology both domestically and internationally. I will make an effort to analyze North Korean technological problems. Lastly, we prospect that North Korea will cease all nuclear and ICBM testing and open to dialogue with the modes of negotiation. However, at the same time, there are some contradictions that prospect it will continue to pursue nuclear and missile capabilities by buying more time . In this context, my report will briefly assess North Korea's military behavior.
    Keyword:Missile Technology, North Korea, Ballistic Missiles, Reentry Technology, Nuclear Warhead
  • As Korea is changing into a multi-racial and multicultural society, the number of immigrants has exceeded two million people, making heterogeneous members in Korea society increase. The changes in Korean society are similar to those of the international migration phenomenon that occurs globally. The phenomenon that individuals of diverse nationalities leave their origin country affects the various institutions of origin and destination countries, playing a key role in social transformation. However, not everyone agrees with this change. There is also a movement to resist social change derived from international migration, which usually appears in the form of fundamentalism. In addition, social and economic instability is presented as a key link in the process of transforming this fundamentalism into violent extremism. It is argued that radicalization and violent extremism are root cause of recent terrorist attacks in Europe as a form of lone wolf terrorism. Even though political and religious motives are different from each case, it is remark-able to focus that radicalism and violent extremism are commonly observed in these cases as the underlying causes. Republic of Korea is not free from violent extremism spreading to Asia, making it urgent to homegrown terrorism and lone wolf terrorism. In order to prevent violent extremism, all aspects of social efforts are required. Therefore, it is appropriate to prevent violence from the economic, social and educational level as well as the law enforcement related to police activities. That is, the response to radicalism is characterized by a social and economic response to the improvement of the environment that promotes radicalization and the spread of violent extremism, in which not only the government but also religion, education, business, and civil society participate. In particular, it is pointed out that the social integration of social minority groups and vulnerable groups, which can be transformed into violent extremism with radicalism, is the most important. This article is an exploratory research for the prevention of violent extremism in the context of Korea Peninsula, reviewing on the explanatory models on violent extremism.
    Keyword:Radicalization, Violent Extremism, Terrorism, Counterterrorism, Countering Violent Extremism
  • In recent years, the world has been emphasizing the role of intelligence agencies in the field of telecommunications aimed at strengthening the response to acts that threaten national security, such as the threat of inter-national terrorism. In particular, crimes against national security such as espionage or terrorism are committed by the criminals who have been trained outside domestic territory, observing their own strict security regulations. For these reasons, investigations on communications conducted by criminals who attempt and direct is essential to investigation crime against national security. Considering legislations on telecommunication restrictions in some advanced countries, the United Kingdoms has enacted the Investigatory Powers Act(IPA 2016) to counter threats to national security and serious crimes, allowing investigative agencies, security and intelligence agencies to monitor a large scale of surveillance. The United States has implemented the CALEA, the Patriot Act, the FISA, and the ECPA, which are legally enforced by law. It is necessary to revise the important part of the domestic communication confidentiality protection law against the crimes which threatens the national security by referring to the matters concerning the communication restriction law of major countries. In the context of IoT communication, individuals, society, and the nation are linked to one fate community through the transmission and reception of packet data over the Internet. Also, telecommunications infrastructures are subject to territorial domination as tangible goods, it is necessary to understand national security as "the safekeeping of the nation as a whole".
    Keyword:National Security, Terrorism, Investigations in Telecommunication, Investigatory Agency, Intelligence Agency
  • Technological and economic development after the World War II promoted the increase of the free movement of goods, services and people, which led to globalization. Contrary to positive expectations for the globalization, it has brought negative side effects such as globalization of crime and international disorder by illegal subnational actors. The phenomenon of international disorder as a dysfunctional element in the process of globalization is expected to increase more rapidly in the future. One of these threats is transnational crime. Transnational crime refers to crimes related to two or more sovereign states, such as the subject, object, act, the benefit, and outcome of a crime. As these transnational crimes increase, closer cooperation with foreign countries is required for prevention, investigation, prosecution, trial and punishment of crime. However, it is questioned whether the traditional system of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters can be played as an effective countermeasure against transnational crimes becoming globalized and widened both quantitatively and qualitatively. Therefore, it is emphasized that the need to reorganize the existing system of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters to be effective. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to find ways to build international cooperation on police activities in Northeast Asia for transnational threats, focused on transnational crimes. Due to the various problems inherent in the traditional legal mutual assistance in criminal matters, actual cooperation on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters is not often achieved. Moreover, the new type of mutual legal assistance in criminal matters as bilateral treaties has not been joined in Northeast Asia, and cooperation through international criminal police organizations may concern about violation in human rights. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss how to prevent and suppress these crimes while promoting free movement of individuals and exchange and cooperation. In this article, one of these problematic situations was discussed the international cooperation plan of police activities and suggested the recommendations for improvement.
    Keyword:National Security, Transnational Threat Transnational C rime , Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters , National Security in Northeast Asia
  • In recent years, terrorist organizations and activities in the Middle East have been led by Al-Qaeda and its following terrorist organizations. However, the Islamic countries(IS), the Islamic extremist Sunni militant group, takes the lead as a new leading terrorist groups. In other words, many terrorist organizations that followed Al Qaeda are no longer under command of Al Qaeda, but tend to rely on IS organizations for financial and technical support and exchanges. The IS, which emerged as a new leader, is making radical changes such as securing terrorist organizations to take over the ideals of Islam fundamentalism and Jihad against the Western world. As the al Qaeda couldn't sustain the leading position after the death of Bin Laden, the al Qaeda lost its directions in terrorist groups. The IS declared the establishment of the Islamic State, dominating the regions in Iraq and Syrian territory. In Africa, a new terrorist organization, Boco Haram, emerged as a terrorist group in the world in April 2015, when 276 Nigerian girls were kidnapped. In a word, bin Laden who was the leader of the Islamic terrorist group in the Middle East, had died, but the activities of the new terrorist groups are even more arousing and threatening the international community. Therefore, in order to understand the trends of international terrorist organizations, it is necessary to examine the domestic and international situation in the Middle East. Dynamics in terrorist groups including al Qaeda and the IS organizations are complex and the conflicts and stances between Sunni and Shi'a have been more increasing than ever. In particular, Syrian civil war, a center of the Middle East terrorist activity, and terrorist organizations based in the region should be studied. It seems to be different for each group, but in the end, the terrorist groups share the same religious objective and are characterized mainly by each region for the construction of a united Islamic empire. Korea is also expected to be exposed to changes and activities of terrorist organizations due to the turmoil in the Middle East because many Koreans live in the Middle East such as dispatching troops to the Middle East. Thus, it is very important to take measures in advance.
    Keyword:Turmoil in Middle East, Islamic State, Al Qaeda, Dispatched Korean Military Units, Counterterrorism
  • Homegrown terrorism and lone wolf terrorism are important terms for the rapidly changing pattern of terrorist attacks since 9/11. Considering that terrorism is intended to terrorize others and spread fear and destruction, entities that terrorist groups can do as much damage as they can are selected as a target of terrorism. A recent research suggested that terrorist attacks against soft targets including business entities and private and non-governmental facilities have increased while terrorist attacks against hard targets including military and governmental facilities have decreased in general. The activities of terrorist groups have shown new trends since 9/11. First, it is changing from group-oriented activities to the distributed network by using the Internet and advanced communication technologies. They are recruiting members through the Internet and social media, teaching them how to conduct terrorist attacks, and even raising money for terrorism. Secondly, terrorist targets are changing into soft targets such as skyscrapers and public facilities since 9/11. 7/7 terrorist attacks in London, 2005 and Mumbai attacks in 2008 are typical examples of this trend. Facilities referring to soft targets are crowded with many unspecified people, which makes it important to prevent and counter terrorism at the national level because it can cause a lot of casualties and danger in case of terrorist attacks. This article introduced the discussion about soft target terrorism and examined characteristics and vulnerabilities of facilities related to mega sports event. It also tried to suggest countermeasures based on these vulnerabilities. This article is meaningful as an exploratory study introducing the terrorist target of soft target which is rarely introduced in Korea. Studies on the possibility of terrorism in Korea have mainly discussed the possibility of terrorist attacks by North Korea or international terrorism. Since South Korea is ahead of the PyeongChang Olympic Games in 2018 and has been on the list of countries for possible terrorist attacks by the IS, both hard and soft target should be considered together to prevent terrorist attacks. For these reasons, it is meaningful to introduce the discussion about soft target terrorism which can cause massive damage as Korea is ahead of the sports mega event, Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games in 2018.
    Keyword:Soft Target Terrorism, Homegrown Terrorism, lone Wolf Terrorism, Countering Soft Target Terrorism, Target Hardening
  • It is analyzed that the followers of the IS have abandoned their base as the bases that the IS built in Syria and Iraq is about to collapse. As a result, there is a growing possibility of so-called "homegrown terrorism" in the country of origin, where the number of IS members entering Europe is increasing. It is also expected that the "transition effect" of the IS supporters and followers are scattered around the world and terrorist attacks may appear when the allied attack threatens to collapse the Middle East base. The IS, which has lost its influence in Iraq and Syria, is scattered all over the world in order to demonstrate its presence and is trying to encourage local 'lone wolves' to conduct terrorist attacks. Also, it is reported that the IS members from Western Europe who had participated the organization in Syria, Iraq or Libya returned to their country and conducted terrorist attacks, which made terrorist activities more proliferate. It is estimated that nearly 5,000 European Union citizens are participating in the extremist militant groups including the IS. Recently in Europe, there has been a new kind of terrorism called 'Truck Terror' or 'Rush Terror.' In addition to this, traditional terrorist attacks of using small arms and bombs are still in use. Britain, which is experiencing more frequent terrorism in recent years, is in shock. The country did not concern about the terrorist attacks by the jihadists or the IS so far because the British government had taken a variety of communication policies for Muslims and Mr. Sadiq Khan has been elected a mayor of the City of London. Because London was a friendly city for Islam and Muslims, the impact of recent terrorism is even greater. As seen in recent terrorist attacks, fear of terrorism is getting bigger as terrorism occurs in places where tourist attractions, theaters, markets, restaurants and other soft targets are gathering in daily life. It seems to be very challenging to prevent and control the terrorist attacks in spite of the counterterrorism policies and activities by Europol and its member States. What Koreans are concerned about is that Koreans may get damaged from terrorist attacks in Western Eu-rope and other countries. Yet it is an assumption, the matter will be more serious if the terrorist attacks target citizens and facilities in Korea. Thus, it is time to minimize damage through international organizations such as the United Nations, the European Parliament, and the sharing and cooperation of information with foreign governments.
    Keyword:Islamic State, Jihadist, Homegrown Terror, Lone Wolf, ECTC
  • The relation among military life stress, ego-resilience, and adjustment in military was explored along with demographic variables. 330 army soldiers from one forward and one rear division participated in the research and 297 valid questionnaires were analyzed. For the demographic variables, the level of education and perceived parents' marriage happiness were related to military life stress. It means that those who have higher level of education and regard their parents' marriage as unhappy are getting more stress in the military. In a correlation analysis, military life stress had negative correlations with both ego-resilience and adjustment in military, and ego-resilience was positively correlated with adjustment in military. To elaborately investigate the effect of life stress and ego-resilience on adjustment in military, a multiple regression analysis was conducted with ego-resil-ience and four subordinate categories of military life stress(role stress, external stress, occupational stress, and relational stress) as independent variables and adjustment in military as a dependent variable. As a result, ego-resilience and two subcategories of military life stress(relational stress and role stress) had significant influence on adjustment in military, where ego-resilience had a relatively bigger effect. It means that a higher level of military life stress is related to a lower level of adjustment in military, and conversely a higher level of ego-resili-ence is coupled with a higher level of adjustment in military. The implication of the study is that stress and adverse experience in military should be identified and managed flexibly to help soldiers adjust well in military. Especially, ego-resilience turned out to be one of the key factors which reduce military life stress and enhance adjustment in military. Although ego-resilience is mostly formed in the process of personal experience and development, it is recommended to stimulate ego-resilience in the military by self-enhancing activities or professional counseling. For those who has low level of ego-resilience, appropriate intervention by their colleagues and commanders is needed to help them successfully adjust and relieve stress. The specific plans for practice in the military, limita-tions of the study, and suggestions for follow-up studies will be presented in the discussion.
    Keyword:Military life Stress, Ego-Resilience, Adjustment in Military, Stress Coping, Military Counseling
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the Multiculturalism Education Program(MEP) for mil-itary academy cadets on their respect to foreign culture, psychological distance to foreigners, knowledge of for-eign language, and culture. The sample of this study consisted of 143 cadets(67 experimental group, 76 compar-ison group) attending the K military academy in Korea. The Multiculturalism Education Program with a session lasting 90 minutes in each was administered to the experimental group for 12 weeks while the comparison group took Korean Language and Literature class. This study employed a quasi-experimental design of static-group comparison with posttest only and three instruments were used in order to measure the dependent variables: Behavioral Assessment Scale for Intercultural Communication Effectiveness, Intercultural Sensitivity Inventory, and Intercultural Social Distance Scale. In the analysis process, descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Variance(MANOVA) techniques were used to assess the effects of the MEP. The results of the analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two groups in the all four dependent variables and the follow-up MANOVA on psychological distance toward foreigners in five different regions revealed that the effect of the MEP is culture-general. Measurement approaches drawing on the behavioral perspective depend on observa-tional methods rather than self-report and this study employed the instructor as the third-party observer to measure the participants’ knowledge of foreign culture and language. In this study, there were significant differ-ences in two attitude measures and two ability measures. The scales use behavioral dimensions based on work by Ruben display of respect to foreign culture, interaction and communicative ability, knowledge. Ratings pro-vided by instructors showed that the MEP enhances the military cadets’ communication effectiveness and respect to foreign culture regardless of the region. Developing education program for multicultural competence has been a popular subject of studies in these days; however, most of the institutions of the studies were civilian schools. This study is the almost first attempt to investigate the effects of the multiculturalism education program devel-oped in the military school. Current training in the military school targets primarily the knowledge component of multicultural competence, with emphasis on culture-specific features of the contemporary language and culture. However, evidence of this study for the contribution of knowledge and favorable attitude to culture-general mul-ticulturalism. Independent of specific language and culture, cross-cultural competence is promoted through the MEP. Thus, training should continue to address specific language and culture, but should also culture-general respect and acceptance. Training and education should also consider the level of participants’ initial knowledge and the level of cross-cultural development. MEP will provide the scaffolding needed to structure knowledge and skill acquisition of multicultural competence in a way that facilitates learning.
    Keyword:Multiculturalism Education Program, Cultural Competence, Military Cadets, Cultural Understanding, Quasi-Experimental Design
  • The terrorist attacks in France and Belgium in November 2015 and March 2016 give us clear and important implications. That is, the importance of information sharing between intelligence agencies and investigation agencies. This is because both the terrorist attacks in France in 2015 and the terror attacks in Belgium in 2016 are information failures due to information sharing and failure to analyze shared information. Although the Republic of Korea continued to submit the Anti-Terrorism Act to the National Assembly, it failed to pass the voices of various toxic clauses and concerns about the strengthening of the powers of state institu-tions. After the intense discussions in early 2016, Korea has enacted and enforced the Anti-Terrorism Act in 2016, but it remains vague with regard to information sharing, especially between information agencies and infor-mation agencies. In other words, the Korea Anti-Terrorism Act focuses on strengthening the authority of the intelligence agencies to prevent terrorism from the point of view that prevention of terrorism is important. How-ever, in order to prevent the identification of the substantive truth after the terrorist crime and the anticipated second attack, the investigation right of the investigation agency needs to be guaranteed. However, the Anti-Terrorism Act does not pay any attention to strengthening the investigation capabilities of these investigative institutions, and it inevitably stipulates superficially sharing information to the investigative institutions. In order to systematically assure the information sharing system of the investigation agencies based on for-eign experience, 1)Domestic terrorism information should be based on the basic information of KICS, which can be handled by the Crime Information Office of the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, And 2)the International Terrorist Information Office proposed an amendment that systematically guarantees the delivery of terrorist information to the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office by the counter - terrorism center under the Office of the Prime Minis-ter's Office.
    Keyword:Terror Crime, Intelligence Service, Investigative Service, Information Sharing, Finding of Substantial Truth