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Evidence-Based Policing for Counter-TERRORISM in Korea

Vol.6 (No.2) 2021
Author
admin
Date
2021-06-30 14:59
Views
1560

Abstract


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether evidence-based police activities can be one of the alternative methods in situations where the Korean police's counter-terrorism response capabilities are limited in various ways.

Method: The concept, function, and content of evidence-based police activities were reviewed to achieve the research objectives. Based on this, the possibility of applying evidence-based police activities as an alternative philosophy for improving the Korean police's ability to respond to terrorism was discussed.

Results: As a result of the study, evidence-based police activities based on the scientific method of verification and analysis will be able to contribute to securing the legitimacy of the police's counter-terrorism activities, and it is thought that the application of this will be necessary.

Conclusion: This study is meaningful in that it was the first to examine the applicability of the philosophy of evidence-based police activities to counter-terrorism police activities in Korea.

Keyword:Evidenced-Based Policing, Counter-Terrorism, Policing, Rule of Law, In Korea
  • Purpose: The local police system is vital for meeting community needs and maintaining order. Despite its introduction under Moon's administration, it faces criticism and conflict, especially in Jeju. This study aims to assess perceptions among Jeju residents, police, and experts, focusing on the system's effectiveness and areas for improvement, emphasizing the need for thorough evaluation and stakeholder input before full implementation. Method: This study analyzes differences in linkage tasks, collective efficiency, and security satisfaction based on age in the Jeju local police system. Using a survey of 500 Jeju residents conducted via Macroembrain, the study employs SPSS and Amos for factor analysis, reliability testing, and regression analysis. The research aims to evaluate residents' perceptions and the impact of the local police system, examining factors such as demographic variables and system awareness. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis of the Jeju local police system reveals that demographic variables (gender, age, residence, education) have minimal impact on governance linkage, collective efficiency, and security satisfaction. In contrast, awareness of the local police system significantly influences governance linkage (β=.189), collective efficiency (β=.375), and security satisfaction (β=.220), highlighting its greater importance over demo-graphic factors. Conclusion: Research on the implementation of local police systems has been mainly theoretical. This study, using factor and regression analyses, finds that awareness of the local police system positively impacts governance, efficiency, and security satisfaction. Effective practices and improvements, including increased public awareness and training, are suggested to enhance the system’s impact.
    Keyword:Local Police System, Governance Linkage, Collective Efficiency, Security Satisfaction, System Awareness
  • Purpose: In modern criminal proceedings, human rights guarantees have been discussed mainly for perpetrators who are expected to be punished in the future, but interest in the criminal law status of victims, which has been marginalized since 1980, has increased. Terrorist crimes will also not be free from this trend. No, terrorist crimes are crimes that require more importance in consideration of victims under the Criminal Policy and Criminal Procedure Act. Thus, The purpose of this article is to identify the current status and problems of the support system for victims of terrorist crimes in Korea and find ways to improve them. Method: Terrorism will also not be free from this trend. No, terrorism is a crime in which consideration should be given to victims under the Criminal Policy and Criminal Procedure Act. This is be-cause terrorist crimes, unlike ordinary crimes, have a very high need to repair property, physical and psychological damage to victims directly from criminal acts in that they are used as tools for human life and body, as well as take structures that mass-produce such victims. This research begins with the question "Where is the current state of consideration for victims of terrorist crimes under our actual law?" To this end, we will first review the concept and scope of victims of terrorist crimes. This is because the concept of terrorist crimes is value-charged and the victims of terrorism are the same. In addition, the ministry conducted a review of the characteristics of the victims of terrorism. Based on these discussions, we look at the structure of the nation's sup-port system for victims of terrorist crimes and discuss the support of victims of terrorist crimes abroad. In particular, the government took the issue as a reference to the Korean government's plan to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes by examining the international community's response philosophy and support system, including the United Nations, in terms of guaranteeing the human rights. Finally, the Act on the Prevention of Terrorism and the Act on the Protection of Victims of Crimes reviewed measures to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes. Results: The main improvement measures for the support system for victims of terrorist crimes according to this paper are as follows. First of all, it was argued that the damage of terrorist crimes should be considered not only traditional physical damage but also metaphysical legal interests such as the right to self-determination of personal information. In particular, it was argued that the people's right to self-determination of personal information by performing investigation activities under the Anti-Terrorism Act and collecting information should also fall under the damage of terrorist crimes. Next, since most of the current support for victims of terrorist crimes focuses on the financial sup-port system, it was proposed to strengthen access to support victims of terrorist crimes as well as the input of human and material assets to overcome the trauma of victims (although there are also payments for mental dam-age recovery). In addition, the Korean Crime Victim Support Center was ordered to play an active role in introducing an active victim support system such as CVAP in New York State. Conclusion: This research begins with the question "Where is the current state of consideration for victims of terrorist crimes under our actual law?" To this end, we will first review the concept and scope of victims of terrorist crimes. This is because the concept of terrorist crimes is value-charged and the victims of terrorism are the same. In addition, the ministry conducted a review of the characteristics of the victims of terrorism. Based on these discussions, we look at the structure of the nation's support system for victims of terrorist crimes and discuss the support of victims of terrorist crimes abroad. In particular, the government took the issue as a reference to the Korean government's plan to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes by examining the international community's response philosophy and support system, including the United Nations, in terms of guaranteeing the human rights. Finally, the Act on the Prevention of Terrorism and the Act on the Protection of Victims of Crimes reviewed measures to improve the support system for victims of terrorist crimes.
    Keyword:Terror Crime, Victim of Terror Crime, Support of Victims, Crime Victim Protection Act, Act on Counter-Terrorism for the Protection of Citizens and Public Security
  • Purpose: As of 2024, approximately 34,000 people who escaped North Korea are risking their lives to escape the oppression and human rights violations of the North Korean Kim Jong-un regime and settle in South Korea. They learn the truth about the outside world only after secretly watching South Korean dramas in North Korea, and they decide that there is no future for them as long as Kim Jong-un holds power in North Korea, so they take their children and escape North Korea. After overcoming the crisis of death and settling in South Korea, they receive comprehensive help from the South Korean police to settle into South Korean society. Therefore, South Korean police officers have a high level of understanding in research on North Korean defectors, and since South Korean police officers are public officials, sufficient objectivity can be expected. This study is valuable academic basic data that can provide many researchers internationally with South Korean society's perception of North Korean defectors. Method: The data processing of this study was conducted using the statistical package program SPSS 23.0 Program, and the following statistical verifications were performed according to the purpose of data analysis. First, frequency analysis was conducted using the SPSS/PC+23.0 program to identify general characteristics. Second, Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to verify the reliability of the questionnaire. Third, One Way ANOVA was conducted to find out the difference in police officers' perception of North Korean defectors according to their period of working. Fourth, exploratory factor analysis was conducted to find out police officers' perception of North Korean defectors. Results: Korean police officers who had worked for a long time recognized that North Korean defectors visit police stations after settling in South Korea to receive legal support. Among Korean police officers who had experience working in security departments directly managing North Korean defectors, those who had worked for a longer time recognized that what was necessary for adapting to South Korean society was an understanding of South Korean society, such as liberal democracy and the market economy system, and that what was difficult about settling in South Korean society was feeling insecure about their personal safety. In addition, they recognized that the average monthly income per household of North Korean defectors in South Korean society was moderate. Conclusion: Since North Korean defectors acquire South Korean citizenship normally, once they settle down in South Korean society, there is no discrimination based on constitutional values, and there are cases of them being elected to the National Assembly, showing their acceptance. In addition, the minimum wage is set at $7.45 per hour, which is higher than the monthly salary of North Korean diplomats (0.3 dollars), and North Korean defectors also receive compensation for their work and enjoy a stable life. In addition, all North Korean defectors live while enjoying South Korea's social security system, including unemployment benefits, health insurance, industrial accident compensation insurance, national pension, and old-age pension.
    Keyword:Kim Jong-un’s Politics of Fear, North Korea’s State Security Department’s Violence, The Influx of K-Content into North Korea, North Korean Defectors, Settlement in South Korean Society
  • Purpose: North Korea is training elite cyber hacking personnel and using them for cyber financial crimes, cyber terrorism, and cyber psychological warfare. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of cybercrime in North Korea and provide basic data to effectively respond to cybercrime in North Korea. Method: To train cyber specialists, North Korea selects elite personnel after intensive training through elementary, middle, and university education, and then forms a cyber hacking organization through them to analyze cybercrime conditions such as cyber financial crimes and cyber terrorism. Results: North Korean cyber agents are trained as cyber specialists at Kim Il Sung University, Kim Chaek University of Technology, and Mirim Military University. Since then, it has been confirmed that it is a member of the Technical Reconnaissance Bureau under the Reconnaissance General Bureau, engaged in cyber financial crimes, cyber terrorism, and cyber psychological warfare, and that APT37, North Korea's hacking organizations, and Kimsuky are working to steal military secrets from major countries such as South Korea, the United States, and Japan. Conclusion: North Korea's network environment and Internet utilization are among the lowest in the world, but its cyber hacking capabilities are estimated to be among the best in the world. In order to respond to such cyberattacks from North Korea, it is urgent to improve legislation, such as strengthening cyber investigation capabilities and enacting the National Cyber Security Framework Act.
    Keyword:North Korea’s Reconnaissance General Bureau, Cyber Financial Crimes, Cryptocurrency Extortion, Cyber Terror, Cyber Psychological War
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police, centering on Suwon City, have an impact on police trust, and to suggest ways to secure the reliability of the autonomous police activities in the future. Method: In this study, 320 copies of the meaningful results obtained through the survey conducted on the citizens of Suwon were analyzed. For the analysis, the crime prevention activities of the autonomous police were set as an independent variable and trust in the police was set as a dependent variable. Results: As a result of analysis on the impact of crime prevention activities(patrol, crime prevention environment creation, order maintenance) of autonomous police on police trust, it was found that patrol and crime prevention environment creation had a significant effect, and order maintenance No significant effect was found. Conclusion: In order to actively prevent crime, it is necessary to support visible police activities, such as strengthening intensive patrols using foot patrols, motorcycles, and patrol cars, as well as supporting technical equipment for effective arrest. CCTV has a very useful value in that it can be used as an efficient means of arresting criminals by filling the public security vacuum caused by insufficient police manpower at the present time and converting data into a database. In addition, more practical equipment support should be provided by securing the police's own budget to expand the development and expansion of a customized work system tailored to the local situation and to strengthen cooperative public order such as autonomous security guards and child guards.
    Keyword:Autonomous Police, Crime Prevention Activities, Police Trust, Patrol, Crime Prevention Environment
  • Purpose: In recent years, the number of infanticide cases has been steady at around 30 per year and the number of toddler murders at around 10 per year, which are generally punishable as ordinary murder. Also Crimes against immediate family members are subject to aggravated penalties. A person(descendant) who kills a member of his or her own or his or her spouse's immediate family is guilty of subsistence murder, which is punishable by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for seven years or more. This is a more severe offense than ordinary murder, which is punishable by death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for five years or more. Most survival-related violent crimes, such as injury, assault, abandonment, abuse, arrest, confinement, and intimidation, have aggravated penalties. However, under the current law, there is no provision for aggravated punishment for violent crimes against direct survivors. There is an aggravated punishment for the murder of a direct survivor by a direct descendant, but there is no aggravated punishment for the murder of a direct descendant by a direct descendant. The Korean Constitution stipulates that "no one shall be discriminated against on the basis of social status," which may violate the Equal Rights Clause of Article 11 of the Constitution. In other words, it is unconstitutional because it may constitute "discrimination based on birth". Therefore, we would like to critically examine whether the Korean criminal law should continue to provide for the offense of feticide. Method: The aggravated punishment of capital murder is one of the most controversial issues in society. In this critical review of the aggravated murder penalty, we will first look at the Constitutional Court's decision on the aggravated murder penalty. Second, we will look at the arguments in favor of and against the aggravated penalty of capital murder. Third, we will examine the current state of affairs through a comparative legal review of foreign jurisprudence on the aggravated punishment of capital murder. Fourth, the legal, moral, and religious perspectives on the aggravated punishment of capital murder will be discussed. Fifth, based on the above discussion, we will provide a direction on whether to abolish the aggravated penalty of capital murder. Results: It is recommended that the aggravated punishment for survival murder be abolished as it violates the right to equality under the Korean Constitution. Even if it is abolished, the purpose of the punishment can still be realized through judicial modification. Conclusion: In light of the meaning and legislative purpose of the provision that aggravates the crime of intentional homicide, it cannot be said that the legislative act of selecting a comparative standard, i.e., that intentional homicide is more severely punished than ordinary homicide in the Korean Penal Code, is unconstitutional. However, while the criminal laws have the same criminal offense of killing a person, there is a difference in the 'presence or absence of paternity'. The abolition of capital murder is consistent with the principle of proportionality. It would be contrary to the principle of proportionality to impose severe restrictions based on prosecutorial convenience. For these reasons, it would be a violation of the constitutional principle of equality, and even if it is not unconstitutional, it is difficult to see that it reflects constitutional values such as the principle of equality.
    Keyword:Parricide, Infanticide, Aggravated Punishment, Principle of Proportionality, Principle of Equality
  • Purpose: The purpose of eliminating gender segregation in physical fitness testing for police recruitment can be understood as twofold. In the case of a gender-neutral selection process, a police organization can eliminate gender segregation in the selection process, including the physical fitness test, in order to provide an equal opportunity for all applicants. The idea is to ensure that both men and women can take the test under the same conditions and that the best candidates are selected for police positions based on their abilities and skills. Gender-neutral job requirements. As with any industry, police work can be physically demanding. As such, it may include a gender-neutral physical fitness test to verify the ability to perform the duties of a police officer regardless of gender. This approach focuses on the abilities and skills required to do the job, and emphasizes a fair selection process that does not discriminate based on gender. Method: In order to study the physical fitness test for police recruitment without distinguishing between men and women, the following research methods were utilized. The current police physical fitness test consists of five events. The physical abilities of quickness, cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular endurance, and strength are measured through the physical fitness test, but the physical fitness test items related to the ability to respond quickly and accurately to constantly changing exercise tasks(coordination) are not included. Therefore, in order to meet various motor functions, it is necessary to refer to the Job Standards Test(JST) of the NYPD in the United States, which is composed of sports closely related to the job of a police officer, the physical fitness test of the MET Police in the United Kingdom, which is an event-type measurement method, and the Èpreuve d'exercices physiques of the French National Police. The Japanese National Police has a separate physical fitness test for new constables and a separate physical fitness test for police officers. In addition, there have been many legal cases in the West, such as the United States, regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the male and female fitness tests. This is especially true in the United Kingdom and the United States. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis to scientifically and rationally improve the physical fitness test standards that disadvantage female applicants. Results: The results of a gender-neutral physical fitness test for "Korean police" recruitment can be understood as follows. First, a unisex physical fitness test ensures that all applicants have an equal opportunity to participate. It evaluates the abilities and skills required to perform police work regardless of gender, and provides a fair opportunity for all applicants without discrimination. Second, as an assessment of ability and vision, physical fitness tests help to assess the physical abilities and skills required to perform police work. These tests measure a candidate's physical strength, stamina, and power to help identify the right person for the job. Third, by enhancing diversity, gender-neutral physical fitness tests contribute to greater diversity and inclusion. Police organizations can recruit people from different backgrounds and genders to reflect more diverse perspectives and experiences. Fourth, it emphasizes fairness. A unisex physical fitness test eliminates gender-based discrimination and focuses on applicants' skills and competencies. This ensures that all applicants are selected based on their abilities and helps prevent unfair treatment based on gender. These findings suggest that gender-neutral physical fitness tests for police recruitment contribute to fair and reliable talent selection and help strengthen the diversity and performance of police organizations. Conclusion: A gender-neutral fitness test for "Korean police" recruitment is an important approach to emphasize fairness and diversity. By administering a fitness test in this way, you can ensure that all applicants, including female applicants, have an equal opportunity to apply, and you can accurately assess the skills and abilities needed to perform the duties of a police officer. A gender-neutral fitness test assesses police performance regard-less of gender and helps to strengthen diversity and inclusion in police organizations. This approach contributes to eliminating gender-based discrimination and ensuring that all individuals have access to opportunities based on their abilities and capabilities. It is important to ensure fairness and provide equal opportunities for all applicants when conducting gender neutral fitness tests. It contributes to the success of the police organization and helps to identify high-caliber candidates by assessing their abilities and skills as police officers. Therefore, gender neutral physical fitness testing in police recruitment plays an important role in promoting fairness and diversity and should continue to be developed as an important approach for the future of police organizations.
    Keyword:Police Physical Fitness Test Standards, Foreign Police Physical Fitness Standards, Gender Segregated Recruitment of Police Officers, Physical Fitness and Police Work, Male and Female Physical Fitness Differences
  • Purpose: As of December 2021, there are 33,819 North Korean defectors who have entered the Republic of Korea. To support their stable settlement, the public and private sectors are implementing a settlement support policy. However, due to discrimination in South Korean society and longing for family, there is a problem of re-entry to North Korea after leaving South Korea. After analyzing the causes of re-entry into North Korea, the purpose of this study is to provide policy suggestions to block re-entry into North Korea, such as improving the resettlement support system for North Korean refugees and Strengthening the protection officer system. Method: The concept of North Korean defectors and re-entry is defined, the current status of North Korean defectors entering the country and re-entry is identified, and the causes and problems of re-entry are analyzed through case studies of re-entry. Results: In the case of North Korean defectors who have entered South Korea, despite government policy sup-port, they are experiencing difficulties in adapting due to discrimination and neglect by South Koreans, difficulties in finding a job, and longing for their families in North Korea. Some of them were found to be re-entering North Korea to meet their families in North Korea. Conclusion: Problems were derived by analyzing the causes and cases of re-entry of some North Korean defectors. Based on these problems, I would like to suggest policy implications such as improving the education system for North Korean defectors and a resettlement support system that fits the reality in order to block re-entry.
    Keyword:North Korean Defectors, Re-Entry, North Korean Families, Residential Protection, Settlement Support
  • Purpose: This paper analyzes how the US policy on Taiwan is gradually evolving from strategic ambiguity to strategic clarity. First, I would like to analyze China's Taiwan policy in terms of the core interests of the Communist Party of China. Second, I would like to specify why the US policy on Taiwan is evolving from strategic ambiguity to strategic clarity. Third, in the event of the Taiwan contingency, the security threat to the Korean Peninsula is identified and policy alternatives are proposed. Method: This paper delves into the US policy on Taiwan with the Balance of Interest theory of Randall Schweller. A neoclassical realist suggests that national foreign policy is indirect and complex and must be reinterpreted through a parameter unit of domestic factors. According to Neo-Classic realists, the parameters that affect a country's foreign policy are such as domestic interest groups and the political leader’s ideology and identity. Results: The main parameters of the US policy shift towards Taiwan from the perspectives of Neo-classical Real-ism are as follows. First, it is Biden’s identity of value diplomacy which prioritizes democracy and human rights. Second, Xi Jinping's military threats to annex Taiwan, and the pursuit of a gray zone strategy are driving factors for the US Policy shift from strategic ambiguity to strategic clarity. Third, the US policy shift to Taiwan was initiated by curbing China's rise through the control of the Indo-Pacific maritime control and global supply chain. Conclusion: The contingency in the Taiwan Strait is closely linked to security on the Korean Peninsula due to the US’ strategic flexibility. Currently, tensions between the US and China are rising in the Indo-Pacific region as the US military support for Taiwan's self-defense. The ROK should be wary of being involved in the unintended Taiwan crisis. To build a free and prosperous Indo-Pacific, strategic communication between the US and China should be strengthened while respecting the "one China" principle.
    Keyword:Neo-Classical Realism, US Foreign Policy, Value Diplomacy, Gray Zone Strategy, Taiwan Contingency
  • Purpose: In Northeast Asia, not only Japan, which dominated East Asia in World War II, China, the world's second largest economy, and North Korea, a communist country that has become a religious dictatorship due to the discontinuation of the rationing system, but also Russia's military power, which was confident of taking over Kyiv, Ukraine, in three days, shows the limitations of the impact of hard power. Therefore, this study presents six threats and discussion points of Northeast Asia through case studies and suggests the direction of Northeast Asia in the future. Method: This study was conducted as a case study according to the purpose of the study. We selected 6 specific cases and targeted individual cases, and tried to derive phenomenological results through data collection and analysis of the collected data on social phenomena. Results: First, the role of governments in pandemics such as Covid-19; second, drug trafficking to finance the regime of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un; third, internal agitation and Subversion of regimes in North Korea; fourth, the Korean Wave in Northeast Asia and the expansion of Chinese espionage; fifth, China's distortion of history, repression of the Xinjiang Uyghur region, and consolidation of Islamic culture; and sixth, election interference in neighboring countries, In Northeast Asia, in addition to the governments of North Korea, China, and Russia, liberal governments such as South Korea, Japan, and the United States are strengthening their intelligence capabilities to control uncertainty, but the personal information contained in the threat information is causing controversy in their countries, and the "social value" of the value conflict between threat information and personal information collection is presented as a discussion point. Conclusion: Soft power, not hard power, will play an important role in the establishment of liberalism in North-east Asia, the Internet and travel will play an important role in cultural transmission and experience, and North Korea, like China and Russia, will gradually move towards reform and opening up. And in Northeast Asia, through Japan and Korea, now China's educated population has increased rapidly, and economic polarization is increasing relative poverty. It is expected that the violent act, which started from extreme social anger, will further disturb the Chinese people and government. The Chinese government will try to protect these problems by expanding the social surveillance network through the public security force, but we must not overlook the historical case that the expansion of the social audit network, which did not harmonize freedom and control, has led to more serious situations such as regime change. The international community has already recognized that the problems of Northeast Asia cannot be solved by hard power, and it is now necessary to pursue peace and prosperity through political and economic union systems such as the EU. In this process, China and North Korea should have the courage to move towards liberalism, and the establishment of the EU model in Northeast Asia will mean a shift from a perception of an adversarial situation to a perception of cooperative problem solving, with win-win effects on population, energy, and environmental issues.
    Keyword:South Korea, Japan, Russia, China, North Korea