All Articles

  • This research has been devised to observe an correlation between the degrees of successes of Korean films and social crime trends that occurred in between 1998 and 2016, the era of economic crisis. For the reason, having that the increasing crime rates since the IMF economic crisis and 2008 sub-prime mortgage intensified the structural instability of Korean society in consideration, the patterns dealing with crimes in successful typical Korean movies have been analyzed and the correlation between the trends of crime films which were accepted by the public and the patterns of crimes in realities has been concerned. Two films, and of the Top 20 successful films between 1998 and 2007, describes the ‘psychopath’ as an ‘invisible enemy’ rather than violent crimes such as rape, murder and rubbery those days, thus, confirmed the intensive interests of the public to ‘psychopath’. Furthermore, the two films are positioned at the lower range of the Top 20 successful films, hence, it is identifiable that crime films faces comparatively stronger difficulties in drawing the continuous interests of the public. Crime films among the Top 20 successful films between 2008 and 2016 were (Veteran) and (A Violent Prosecutor) Both reenacted an ‘authoritative’ corruption that is not closely relevant to the increasing ‘property crimes’ those days, in association with ‘psychopathic’ criminals. Therefore, it was deducible that there is little correlation between the social crime trends and the successes of Korean films at the era of economic crisis.
    Keyword:Policing, Social Crime, Korean Film, The Public, Psychopath, Economic Crisis
  • Since 9/11, terrorism has been widely recognized as a significant political and social problem, with countries all over the world increasing their counterterrorism efforts. In the United States, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 to consolidate 22 federal agencies into one massive department focused on keeping the country safe, largely through antiterrorism and counterterrorism efforts. DHS also coordinates ef-forts on the state, county, and local levels to enhance police terrorism preparedness, since local law enforcement will likely be first responders in the event of a terrorist attack. In fact, in 2016, DHS allocated $1.6 billion in grant funding to prepare state and local law enforcement to prevent and respond to such attacks as part of their “Na-tional Preparedness and Resilience” priorities. Most of the local agencies in this initiative are smaller law enforcement agencies with 1-25 full-time employ-ees. What is the level of terrorism preparedness of these small agencies and what factors influence that level of preparedness? Recent research has explored terrorism’s etiology and law enforcement’s preparedness on its risk. Some argue that police risk perceptions or police interactions with a larger agency influence the level of homeland security preparedness. However, there is a lack of empirical research on the determinants of police homeland security preparedness. The present study will empirically analyze the effect of police terrorism risk perceptions and police interactions on the level of police homeland security preparedness. Contingency theory is used as an explanatory framework to understand risk perception, organizational be-havior, and preparedness. To address gaps in the literature regarding homeland security policing, the present study simultaneously tests hypotheses derived from contingency theory, namely, whether police terrorism risk perceptions effectively influence the level of police homeland security preparedness and whether police agency’s interactions with a larger agency effectively influence the level of police homeland security preparedness. This study uses data from a national survey of 350 small municipal law enforcement agencies from March 2011 to June 2011 in the United States. A multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that police terrorism risk perceptions and frequent interactions with a larger agency are positively associated with the level of home-land security preparedness in small law enforcement agencies in the United States. In other words, the primary findings from this study indicate that police agencies with higher levels of perceived terrorism risk and interac-tions with a larger agency are more likely to enhance their preparedness for future terrorism and cyber terrorism incidents. The contributions, limitations and suggestions for the future study were discussed in discussions and conclusion.
    Keyword:Terrorism Risk Perception, Interaction, Contingency Theory Homeland Security Preparedness, Multinomial Logistic Regression
  • The purpose of this study is to examine how fear of crime influences on awareness of severity to sex offense. By examining the impact of crime perceived safety on the severity of sex offense through statistical testing, the purpose of this study is to determine whether the fear of some parts of sex offense significantly influences the severity of sex offense. In addition, it aims to examine whether Recognition for Police Activity has mediator effect between awareness to severity of sex offense. Based on 1,064 cases of the secondary material through e-mail research and random telephone interview for 1,100 people as study subjects of a customer evaluation group of policing policy of the National police agency excluding 54 cases of missing data, it confirmed the effect that recognition of fear of crime and crime prevention activity affects to severity of sex offense through multiple re-gression analysis by utilizing IBM SPSS Statistics 21. In addition, Sobel test was conducted to confirm that the mediating variable of the recognition of police activity was partial or complete and to verify the mediator effect. As a result, a group that answered that sex offense should be eradicated for the first was resulted 528 people that is 50.5% of whole answerer, which is 204 people of male and 324 people of female. It was confirmed that all the factors of crime influence on the cognitive variables of crime prevention activities among the fear of crime. The variables affecting to the severity of sexual offense were identified as the fear of sex offense, school violence, and police activity. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the fear of sex offense and school violence has a significant effect on the recognition of severity of sex offense, and the Sobel-test showed that the recognition of the police's crime prevention activity was significant as a parameter between all independent variables and the de-pendent variables of perception of sex offense severity. It was confirmed that the results of the analysis were different according to the analysis model. However, it was confirmed that the perceived safety of the sex offense and the police's crime prevention activity affects to the recognition of severity to sex offense of the citizen. There-fore, patrol activities and patrolling activities for fear of sex offense, and polices to reduce the number of criminal cases such as police's crime prevention activity seems to be required.
    Keyword:Participation Policing, Sex Offense, Recognition for Police Activity, Fear of Crime, Crime Prevention Activity.
  • Public safety is an important index for the quality of life of the public, and the public are taking an increasing interest in it. South Korea is coming up with various public safety policies in order to increase the level of public safety. The police force of a country is the most powerful institution for maintaining public safety but the police is faced with challenges due to insufficient manpower and budget. Furthermore, demand for private security is increasing, with structural expansion and reorganization taking place in the public safety service market. With increased importance in private security, taking private security into account when establishing public safety policies has become not an option but mandatory. Hence, understanding changes taking place in private security from diverse perspectives and understanding the role that it plays must serve as the basis when deciding on the country’s policies or systems related to private security and putting them into effect. The aging population is expected to aggravate the abnormality in the age distribution of the labor market, especially the private security market, when it sees an increased inflow of older workers. But the private security market structurally has an abnormally more older workers than other industries, so when it sees an increased inflow of old labor, it may firmly cement its image as the market for older working population, and problems with the their work capabilities would cause a shift in how private security is viewed. With increased individualism and increased income made by the public, there would be a continual increase in the demand from the private security industry. With this, the type of demand for private security would change from “place-centric” to “individual-centric.” According to the Profit-Oriented Enterprise Theory, increase in per-sonal income would bring about the public’s increased desire for ensuring their personal safety and protecting their property, and this would continually increase the demand from the private security industry. Moreover, as individualism takes greater hold in society, the concept of private security is changing from “place security”(con-cerned with buildings, offices, etc.) to “personal security.” The dual aspect of advancements in science and technology — advancements in telecommunications and IT technology versus increase in various threats — is expected to diversify the ways in which supply/demand works and change how transactions take place in the private security industry. This dual aspect is expected to bring advancements in private security, and advancements in science and technology would bring diversity to public safety services. The diversity in public safety services would also bring about a change to how transactions take place between the provider and the consumer, with advancements in IT technology. Changes in the laws and regulations would have both a favorable effect and an adverse effect. On the upside, it would increase the size of working age population and reduce the number of older people in poverty. On the downside, it would decrease level of professionalism and the public would have a stereotypical view of the private security sector in terms of the kind of people working there, especially when it comes to their age. The Security Industry Act made it easier for workers to enter the private security sector, and attempted to increase the number of private security firms and beef up the security staff with subsidies given to senior citizens applying for the job. However, with a low level of professionalism in private security and with the program to necessitate paying more than the minimum wage, there is a concern for quality.
    Keyword:Policing, Police, Private Security, Security Environment, Republic of Korea
  • This paper analyzed Korea 'crime films' in 2000 's, extracted the characteristics and problems of ‘the police’ portrayal patterns and searched for the right direction for the reproduction of the mass media of the police in the future. Particularly, it examined the portrayal patterns of the police, focusing on the box office movies (2002) and (2003), which were produced and screened since the 2000s . Related to the common model after that, I tried to find a way to improve the image of the police properly. The theoretical background of this paper is based on the cultural contextual analysis methodology. Film is a multi-layered prod-uct formed in an influence relation with various discourses derived from society, rather than an embodiment of its own autonomous and independent meaning. The three common aspects are shown as follows. The three films commonly deal with violent crimes committed during the same period of 'serial murder', and they also created a model for police by creating specific meaning for 'crime' and 'police'. Specifically, repro-duces the violence of the police, and reproduces police image of the illegal small heroism. There-fore, it is required that the efforts of the police in order to settle the old remnants and negative factors of the police that have been going on to date and to form the image of the scientific, rational and ethical police.
    Keyword:Policing, Crime Films, Mass Media, Violence, Illegality
  • Users of parks have been progressively diversified, and crimes in parks have been increasing due to the prob-lems such as lack of police security resource and insufficiency of management and operation of the park mana-gerial agents. Hence, this research would like to propose a park-crime prevention system based on augmented reality technology as a measure to predict and prevent crimes in parks. Augmented reality as a type of virtual reality, is an integration of experiences in virtual and actual realities, which presents a combination of computer graphic images including virtual entities such as animation, motion, image, audio and information with images and background in real spaces. Augmented reality involves technolo-gies tracking location, direction and movement, extracting characteristic points and transferring them to data servers, then understanding through comparisons between the characteristic points. Moreover, Registration technology creating virtual objects via computer graphics and distributing them at their exact locations identical with real images, and UI (User Interface) technology processing mutual interaction between users including the screen, are utilized. The proposed park crime prevention system from this thesis, at first, establishes a database to comprehen-sively save data such as geological profiling with analysis of crime type and motion action patterns by criminals who whose main habitat is a park and stereotyped data which space-time pattern has been analyzed from the distributions of crime occurring times and locational spaces during past cases occurred inside of parks. Then, park users will be able to use parks safely from crimes by checking downloaded park crime prevention application in their smart phones, linked with the database storing information.
    Keyword:Policing, Park-Crime, Crime Prevention, Augmented Reality, Vision Base
  • This study aims to provide an intelligent forensic examination and analysis method for large-scale data and data of various resources on diverse cybercrimes that are recently increasing. The purpose of the proposed method is to preemptively cope with cybercrime problems by integrating large amount of data and conducting intelligent analysis of data. A semantic web-based method which performs metadata forensic investigation and analysis, the proposed method consists of four steps: collection, examination, analysis, and presentation. There is an advantage to collecting all metadata of heterogeneous sources from using XML files to represent metadata and then using metadata repository. The Semantic Web technology can integrate metadata in repositories using ontologies to retrieve related metadata. Artificial intelligence and analytical methodologies can be applied to obtain potential evidences that can be used in court in a meaningful way. Because of the increase in cybercrime, the complexity in types of cybercrime, and the limitations of time and resources, it is important to obtain desired outcome in a timely manner in any cybercrime investigation. Instead of the posterior method of chasing a cyber-crime after its occurrence, a new method that can preemptively detect and eliminate cybercrime risks is required. The explosive increase of data on cyberspace also calls for efficient forensic techniques for large amount of data. It is expected that this study will ultimately contribute to reducing cybercrimes since proactive detection of and preemptive action against cybercrimes can be accomplished through the use of forensic techniques for large-scale data.
    Keyword:Policing, Cybercrime, Digital Forensics, Intelligent, Digital Forensic Investigation
  • Community policing has been accepted as new paradigm of policing in many countries, including the United States, JAPAN, U.K., FRANCE. In KOREA, there has also been a growing awareness towards importance of com-munity policing, and efforts have been made to adopt and establish community policing. However, community policing has not yet been fully established. Therefore, the study intended to compare differences in awareness towards community policing based on socio-demographic characteristics of the police as part of measures to establish community policing. In order to achieve such objectives of this study, the study set the community policing awareness factors as the goals and entity of community policing. Survey was conducted to the life safety departments, patrol divisions, and precinct stations of the police stations in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, Incheon. The results were examined for statis-tical analysis such as t-test and ANOVA using the SPSS21.0, a statistical program. The results of analysis showed that the objectives of community policing showed a significant differences only in 4 items, i.e., age of police officers, local administrative districts in service, type of local urban area in service, and working period of police officers. The entity of community policing was found to show a significant difference in 5 items, i.e., gender, age, local administrative districts in service, type of local urban area in service, and organization in service. Among the items that showed a significant difference, the 3 times, i.e., age, local administrative districts in service, and type of local urban area in service were found to be common to community policing awareness factors. By age, extent of awareness was higher in those in their 20s and 40s than in those in their 50s. Meanwhile, those serving in Incheon had higher extent of awareness in terms of the 2 factors in connection with local admin-istrative districts in service. Moreover, extent of awareness was higher in industrial regions and agricultural/fishery regions in connection with type of local urban area in service. Based on that, various types of programs need to be developed to improve awareness towards community policing, depending on working environment, region of work and age of the police officers, in order to increase awareness towards community policing. In addition, right community policing should take root through improve-ment of awareness towards community policing by the police force.
    Keyword:Policing, Community Policing, Police, Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Awareness aowards Community Policing
  • There are problems that budget and manpower are not fully used with overlapped service of each department and focusing on social welfare of policies of resident foreigners although there are rising crimes and criminal victims with increasing multicultural families. In terms of advanced research about multicultural families, only daily life and social welfare sides have been intensively studied on multicultural family's adjusted life in South Korea, domestic violence and support, chil-dren's adoption to school and social welfare service. This study has raised in needs of macroscopic and long-term point of view and confrontation against conflicts and confusion with risks of multicultural family's juvenile delinquency which can be a serious matter in Korean society in the future. Supporting situations and directions for prevention of multicultural family's juvenile delinquency have been analyzed in this study on the need for this purpose. The purpose of the study is to look through supporting situa-tions and future directions for prevention of juvenile delinquency from multicultural families. There were in-depth interviews with related professionals from multicultural family support center for marriage migrant women and adolescents, youth support center and the police stations for the study from 8 to 10 January 2015. The results of in-depth interviews and case analysis are as below. The supporting projects are mainly focused on Korean language education and welfare. There is not enough publicity about the supports because of a lack of cooperation system among the organizations. Particularly, the supports for prevention of juvenile delinquency from multicultural families and school violence is nearly nonex-istent. There is also the factor that breakaway of marriage migrant women has a bad influence on their children and leads to delinquency. Based on the analysis, we can discuss the following standpoints to establish political directions for prevention of juvenile delinquency from multicultural families. First, it is urgent to produce professional education programs for establishment of identity and fostering con-fidence as supporting programs for adolescents of multicultural families. Second, customized educational programs are needed for forming their right values and learning standards. Third, the supporting programs which strengthen or recover the relationships between parents and children are required. Fourth, the reasons of the occurrence of juvenile delinquency of multicultural families are school maladjust-ment, parents neglect, broken family, economic plight, low self-esteem and identity crisis etc. Fifth, cooperative infrastructure among related organizations is required for the supports of multicultural families and actual management of incidents with setting up combined organizations for prevention and re-sponse of the juvenile delinquency from multicultural families.
    Keyword:Policing, Multicultural of Juvenile, Delinquency Risk, Multicultural Family, Multiculturalism Policy
  • The three northeast Asian nations, South Korea, China and Japan which are depending on the seaborne trade which is the majority of the trade, need active measures to respond to the international marine environmental changes and implement it. This thesis is to look into the maritime security plans which is made by the United States and adopted by each nation and the three nations’ policy of new maritime security threats causes like cyber terrorism and to assess the appropriateness. This is also in order to suggest some assignments for the successful adaptation of the mar-itime security plans. Maritime security has been a national agenda by terrorist attacks of pirates, maritime terrorism and shipping ports’ threats since the Cold War. South Korea, China and Japan, the three nations in northeast Asia, are paying closer attention to maritime traffic security because of a high level of dependence on maritime trade as most exportations and importations are being made through marine transportation. Especially nowadays there are new security threat factors using cyber terrorism and drones, so costal states need changes in security policy besides traditional maritime security. The purpose of this thesis is to criticize the three northeast nations’ policy about new threats and the maritime security plan which is initiative to be drawn up and applied by the United States and also to present counter-measure. Safety secure of sea lanes has become a national assignment which is directly connected to global survival to the three northeast Asian nations, South Korea, China and Japan which are dependent on trade through the sea. This thesis shows that each nation has put in a great deal of effort in order to keep the maritime order from the threats like pirates interfering ships’ free passages and disconcerting marine trade orders and there have been considerable achievements. However, there are limits of united countermeasures because three northeast Asian nations have different stances in cultural, social and political situations. It will be an important matter how to deal with security issues and unite continuous efforts against new threats liked cyber terrorism and drones with typical maritime security threats. I hope that stable environments of maritime security in eastern Asia come true through careful consideration about a few countermeasures shown on this thesis and reflection of the policy.
    Keyword:Policing, Pirate, Maritime Terrorism, Maritime Security, Cyberterrorism