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  • As of 2018, as evidenced by 209 member states of the World Taekwondo Federation and 10,023,090 black belt holders, Taekwondo today is loved as a sport of the world beyond being Korea's traditional martial art. Together with the economic development, Korea has been able to utilize its position and honor as the originator country of Taekwondo for the last half century, and has continued to grow while strengthening its values and functions as an Olympic sport. However, the rapid growth of Taekwondo through sport has caused issues such as under-mining the value of traditional martial art, and the need for qualitative growth such as the development of in depth related contents has emerged. This study examined the globalization process and the current status of Taekwondo, analyzed the current status of the Taekwondo’s globalization project and Taekwondo’s dissemination, and contemplated on the globalization and sustainable development of Taekwondo through it. As alternatives for the continued development and globalization of Taekwondo are, first, to maintain Taekwondo as an official Olympic game, second, to seek plans for long term trainers of Taekwondo, and third, systemic improvements for the globalization project of Taekwondo and other related policy.
    Keyword:Taekwondo, Globalization of Taekwondo, Globalization of Sport, Globalization of Martial Art, Cur-rent Status of Taekwondo’s Globalization
  • This study investigated the effects on body composition, physical fitness, and bone mineral density (BMD) of 20 elderly women aged 60 or older residing in G city, K province who participated in the Dahn-taekwondo Qigong program for the elderly for 1 hour per day, 3 times a week for 3 months. This study examined the suitability of incorporating elderly Qigong program into the exercise prescription program for the elderly with decreased physical activity ability. The results showed that the Dahn-taekwondo Qigong program showed a significant decrease only in body fat percentage among the elderly women's body composition. For the fitness factor, all the fitness factors except cardiopulmonary endurance for the normal weight group and agility and dynamic equilibrium measures for the overweight group were significantly improved. Also, it showed a significant increase in the BMD of the normal weight group. Based on the observations mentioned above, participating in Qigong program for the elderly will be suitable as a health promotion program for the elderly by improving BMD and fitness factors even though the body composition does not change so much.
    Keyword:Body Composition, Physical Fitness, Qigong Training, Dahn-Taekwondo, Bone Mineral Density(BMD)
  • Martial art field is composed of trainees, training facilities, and field. In Martial art field, judgments of instructor and safety awareness have considerable amount of influence on the trainees and the players. Therefore, current research would propose a way to enhance safety awareness of the leaders, trainees, institutions and first aid education. First, practical lecture has to be prior to the theory based education. Also, first aid education needs to be changed from general emergency education to education specifically for each martial arts. Moreover, mandatory certificate is required for assistant instructors. When the instructor is absent, making safety management system manual for the trainees would be essential to react the emergency situation. At the same time, ability of reacting against emergency situation and its educations are necessary along with technical instruction for normal situation. Second, evaluation and education of instructors’ emergency certification, overall social awareness, and change of awareness on possible danger of training are needed. In addition, professional knowledge of emergency aid is required for each instructors. Third, management and supervision over safety supplies and facilities should be mandatory and regulated along with furnishing and integration of basic emergency kit. Fourth, improvement on gym insurance policy is needed. Also prevention program for emergency education system and safety related program should be developed.
    Keyword:Martial Arts, First Aid, First Aid Education, Safety, Education
  • This study investigated as to whether Korean people living in modern society are effective in playing a role of bringing the healing of mind and body through Hapkido training which is one of the martial arts that started on the basis of oriental thought while living with social problems. Oriental thought is able to remind Koreans, who are suffering from social problems like modern times, that human beings are no longer separated from the world, are not helpless and worthless, but that they are universal beings possessing eternal time and infinite space within themselves. If we accept a new human perspective through Hapkido training, we will realize that our existence’s value is quite meaningful and would be able to pursue true peace and happiness. It emphasizes the fact that the relationship between body and mind is not dichotomous but rather closely related to each other in order to be fully human in oriental thought, so that the mind and body must be performed at the same time. It is ki that mediates the relationship between mind and body, that is, the body and mind are connected to each other through the medium of ki. Hapkido has a spirit of martial art that seeks to unite humanity and the universe by recognizing the change of the universe as the flow of ki and realizing its principle. Therefore, Korean Hapkido, which sees the flow of ki as the basis of performance, is a martial art based on the fundamental spirit of oriental martial arts. Thus, ki in Korean Hapkido is based on the inner strength of the human being and strengthens through breathing training and thus coincides with the movement. It is not only the basic maintenance tool of life but also the main spirit and sustaining source of Hapkido in order to reinforce the internal strength of the human mind through breathing training and to harmonize the movement of the body. Pursuing in Hapkido is to have spirit and body gain enlightenment through ki. Thus, the training principle and technical system of Hapkido is to realize the body by sustaining ki. Therefore, naturalness is greatly emphasized when one practices Hapkido techniques, and it is a process of naturally communicating the technique and learning the importance of human being without competing with each other and instead, exchange techniques with each other. Accordingly, when practicing Hapkido as a physical and spiritual training, it can be said that the utility is great as a physical and spiritual training method if the technique is focused on ki central to the breathing technique, and if the technique is performed naturally while harmonizing with the opponent.
    Keyword:Martial Arts, Hapkido, Utility, Ki(氣), Techniques
  • As a traditional Japanese martial art and a self defense technique, Karate is one that which does not use a weapon but systematically trains hands and feet to run, kick, lunge, block and avoid, among other techniques while promptly identifying moving targets and submitting the counterparts with a legal strike. As this Karate was introduced to Korea, it has formed a new martial arts culture in combination with traditional Korean martial arts. It is very rare that a nation or a culture has a unique culture of its own and instead has flourished and grown by interacting with and under the influence of other nations and cultures. Karate was also developed as a result of a combination of “te”, indigenous to Okinawa, and the martial art of the fist of southern China, and it was spread throughout Japan decisively by Funakoshi Gichin in October 1908, when it was adopted as a formal subject along with Judo and Kendo for Teachers School in Okinawa and Jeongrip Jeil Middle School. Thereafter in 1936, a meet-ing was held in Naha, the capital of Okinawa, to unify the official name of Karate into Karatem(空手). And in May 1956, the Okinawa Karate Federation was formed, and in 1960, the first official grading and dan review was held, and in February 1967, it turned into the All Okinawa Karate Federation. Ever since, Karate has globalized through the magnificent works of Oyama Masters(Choi Young-eui) and was adopted as a formal event for the Tokyo Summer Olympic Games in 2020. During the 36-year Japanese colonial period, Koreans naturally came to learn about the Japanese culture, and Korean students who learned Karate during their study in Japan returned and taught Karate they learned before and after liberation, which gave rises to the inflow of Japanese Karate into Korea. Among the representative figures was Lee Won-guk, who founded the ‘Cheongdokwan’ and went to Japan's Waseda Middle and High School to studied Karate from Funakoshi Gichin by entering ‘Shotokan’, the root of Karate while he attended faculty of law at Chou University. And while studying in Japan, Roh Byeong-jik who founded ‘Songmukwan’ also learned Karate at ‘Shotokan’ of Funakoshi Gichin, the founder of the modern Karate, and Jeon Sang-seob also learned Karate during his study in Japan, founded ‘Chosun Yeonmukwan’ and taught Karate. Yoon Byeong-in, who taught Karate at the YMCA Fungfu Department located in Jongno, Seoul, also learned Karate during his study in Japan and was promoted to the 5th dan. The Japanese Karate, which was introduced into Korea, formed Karate with five major factions including Moodeokkwan, and taught Karate. However, in September 1954, the title of Taekwondo was conceived by Choi Hong-hee, and in 1965, Choi Hong-hee became the chairman of the Korean Taesoodo Association and renamed it to the Korean Taekwondo Association and used ‘Taekwondo’ as its official name. In November 1972, the central studio ‘Kukkiwon’ launched and integrated. Given this background, this study will help to understand the historical flow of the culture of Korean and Japanese martial arts and also help understand the foundation for the formation of martial arts through the analysis of Japanese Karate's flow into Korea.
    Keyword:Martial Arts, Karate, History, Taekwondo, Kukkiwon
  • The physical activities that are carried out in school education are the most characteristic element that distinguishes physical education(PE) from the other subjects. Through these physical activities, we keep our body and mind healthy, cultivate social adaptability, and ultimately develop our own life to enhance our capabilities to contribute to the local community and national development that we belong to. Especially, physical education curriculum is very important for junior high school students who have strong physical activity and sensitivity, so I would like to make suggestions through analyzing the operation of martial arts curriculum that is aiming at mind and body training. In terms of the changes in the physical education curriculum, it had not had systematic curriculum until it established the 1st curriculum under the US armed forces. The 1st curriculum was enacted on August 1, 1955, and the 2nd curriculum in 1963, the 3rd curriculum in 1973, the 4th curriculum in 1981, the 5th curriculum in 1987, the 6th curriculum in 1992, and the 7th curriculum was revised in 1997 and operated until 2007. After this, while the 7th curriculum has been maintained in the 2007 revision curriculum, in which junior high schools changed their differentiated curriculum into differentiated instruction, also the divisions such as "step by step type" or "intense and supplementary type" were abolished. Since the intensive classes have been strengthened, classes have become available for each semester. However, the hours of alternative course were reduced by the five-day school week. The martial arts education of Korean junior high schools started to appear from the 3rd physical education curriculum, operated as physical arts from the first grade to the third grade of junior high school. The contents of physical education curriculum were different for boys and girls, for example, soccer and physical matches were only for boys, dance was for girls only, and gymnastics was clearly distinguished for boys' and girls'. The junior high school martial arts education is a challenging activity among five contents areas(health activities, challenging activities, competitive activities, expression activities, leisure activities) in the 2007 revised physical education and curriculum, and is an activity to challenge the physical skill of others who are moving, which includes sports like ssireum, taekwondo, and kendo. However, due to the nature of martial arts education, it is difficult to achieve the learning goals because of the lack of instructors and martial arts classes based on the educational curriculum. The martial arts occupy an important area as not only a mental education for human formation but also fitness training for a physical education. In other words, martial arts are appreciated by training the body to improve physical fitness and health, and as a self-defense to protect oneself. Therefore, it is necessary to con-struct systematically in order to achieve the goal of martial arts education of Korean junior high school as follows. 1) The martial arts education in the school should be systematically organized by the annual plan. 2) It is necessary to expand the professional manpower who are in charge of martial arts education at school. 3) Organize the martial arts education systematically according to the level of the students and conduct them in a step-by-step manner so as to acquire the ability to protect oneself from danger. The purpose of this study is to analyze the martial arts curriculum of Korean junior high schools and to under-stand the martial arts spirit, which will help the martial arts operate systematically in the physical education curriculum. This study suggests strategic approaches to the sport market by analyzing the effects of sport participants' personality on motivations participated in sport activities and the interrelation of personality, participation motivation and decision factors in purchasing sport products. A total of 737 effective responses over 15 years old, living in the capital city in Korea were chosen by using convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Amos 20. The personality of sport and leisure participants seems to have a positive effect on introverted motives for participation in sport activities. In addition, their personalities have a positive effect on extroverted motives for participation in sport activities. Sport and leisure participants' personalities also have a positive effect on product factor and have a positive effect on the image factor in purchasing sport products. On the other hand, sport leisure participants' personalities do not seem to have a positive effect on external factors in purchasing sport products directly. It was also found that sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Similarly, sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect image factor in purchasing sport products. In addition, their introverted motives do not affect external factors in purchasing sport products. Sport and leisure participants' extroverted motives also do not seem to affect the product factor or the image factor in purchasing sport products. However, extroverted motives affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Through the study, it is possible to see the potential value of sport activities in the sport market. Further study on the interrelationship between various personalities of sports and leisure consumers and the decision factors in their purchases is expected to be helpful for leading consumer market in sport industry.
    Keyword:Middle School, Martial Arts, Physical, Education, Instructional
  • Historically speaking, Judo in Korea has been a largely popular sport as gold medals were won at all Olympic games. Conferring an honorary doctorate degree in Judo to the then Russian prime minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin in 2010, Korea is such a powerful Judo nation, followed by awarding an honorary 7th dan in Judo from the Korea Judo Association. In Korea, training Judo helps people to achieve a positive mental and physical attitude while building respect for others and forming an awareness of order in society. In addition, they learn about how to defend themselves and keep their body safe while pursuing physical development. Furthermore, through the offensive and defensive training, people grow their athletic capabilities such as agility, flexibility, coordination, responsiveness, and endurance, while achieving spiritual development such as cooperation, calmness, and discipline. In addition, through practice games, they could develop such a positive attitude as for judgment and compliance. In recent years, however, crimes have turned increasingly violent, strategic, and brutal compared to the past, and crimes involving physical harms are operating as more intelligent, thereby making it very difficult to apprehend criminals. It is also a most serious threat to security, which makes the fear of crime far much more realistically perceived than other crimes. Therefore, the purpose of Judo training to defend themselves by the Korean youth has become prominent, and as a result of exploring which Judo techniques may be utilized in times of crisis such as crimes in this research, the “connection techniques” and “reciprocal techniques” would be most useful.
    Keyword:Martial Art, Judo, Crisis, Connection Techniques, Reciprocal Techniques
  • This study is aimed to examine about the aesthetic contents that appeared in the Hapkido demo competition from the aesthetic viewpoint. Hence, this study is progressed on the basis of previous researches, books, and publications related to aesthetics concerning chivalry, thereby aiming to logically figure out aesthetic aspect of the Hapkido demo competition. The logical investigation into aesthetic elements of the Hapkido demo competition led to having approached a technical value, artistry, and physical beauty that are seen in the demo compe-tition. Based on this, aesthetic value was tried to be closely examined logically. The following conclusions could be possibly obtained. First, there are many games of the Hapkido demo competition. But most of them are progressed by team. Conquest and harmony of a technical difference between teams are also important at this team-based partial-arts event. But the demonstration of techniques based on three principles of the Hapkido skills is important. What does not damage the body through considering an opponent based on the win-win principle with perfectly con-trolling the opponent as well in a state of being not lost the center even while switching to all directions in a situation of requiring an attack and a defense even if being the demo competition leads to allowing players and spectators to be capable of perceiving aesthetical contents and experiencing experiential element through a sense of accomplishment caused by satisfaction and high athletic performance. Second, there is also a case that the Hapkido demo competition is finished just in a few seconds from the start to the end. But there is a case as well that is continued for about 5 minutes. A theatrical meaning is contained in demo. Thus, players or spectators can have the artistic experience. As a piece of movie is an outcome according to an effort of a writer and an actor, the wonderful and beautiful demo at the demo competition is a result of an effort that a demo player inspires a soul. Thus, this outcome comes to be recognized to be one genre of arts. Considering this, the Hapkido demo competition can be mentioned to be high in artistic value. Third, a traditional discipline method in Hapkido can be considered to step up the manifestation out of the body through ‘a control of internal breathing' with seeing it as the conformance of the breathing method and the body movement. A Hapkido demo player's strong and soft body well circulates Ki and Hyeol(blood) through a breathing method, promotes emotional balance and stability, reinforces the mind, thereby becoming the foundation of proceeding with being in harmony with mind and body. Hence, a demo player comes to point to the essence of martial arts dubbed Simshinilyeo under the direct connectivity with a human being's life
    Keyword:Martial Arts, Hapkido, Aesthetic Value, Demo Competition, Techniques
  • This study was to investigate the effects of yongmoodo exercises on physical fitness and gait abilities in the body imbalance obesity elementary students. The participants were divided into two groups: Yongmoodo exer-cise group(EG, n=20) and non exercise group(NEG, n=20). The EG took part in the functional balance mat for Yongmoodo exercise for 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were significantly in-creased in physical fitness in EG compared with NEG after 12 weeks. Second, there were significantly increased in gait abilities in EG compared with NEG after 12 weeks. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the functional balance mat for Yongmoodo exercise program could improve the posture alignment pursuant and gait abilities of body imbalance of obese elementary students.
    Keyword:Yongmoodo Exercises, Physical Fitness, Gait Ability, Body Imbalance, Obesity Elementary Students
  • Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced neuroinflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease( AD), which is a key factor underlying the generation of amyloid beta. Requirements for therapies of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD are not only consistent efficacy for long periods, but also the elimination of potential risks for hepatotoxi city. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Frunus mume water extract (FME) on LPS induced hippocampal damage associated with inflammatory signals. ICR male mice(n=30) were divided into three groups. The normal group remained untreated, LPS grou p (positive control) was stimulated to express LPS induced hippocampus damage, and FME group(treatment) was stimulated to express LPS induced hippocampal damage and administered FME at 40 mg/kg/day. Mouse brain tissues were tested by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry following inflammation markers such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2(COX 2). FME administered at 40 mg/kg/day for seven days in saline solution significantly r educed brain inflammation in the hippocampi of LPS stimulated mice. Moreover, FME regulated the expression of inflammatory proteins such as TNF α, iNOS and COX 2. Our data exhibits that FME attenuates neuroinflammation and damage in brains of LPS stimulate d mice. These findings suggest that FME is a potential therapeutic agent in treating neuroinflammation and recommend further testing on the matter.
    Keyword:Frunus Mume, Crude Extract, Migroglia, Neuroinflammation, Anti-Inflammation