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  • The aims of this research are: to identify the ethical issues confronting Korean sport organizations, to find factors influencing the decision making to deal with the ethical issues, and, finally, to suggest development plans for managerial ethics in Korean sport organizations. In particular, the research addresses the following questions: what kind of ethical issues confronting Korean sport organizations? What are the factors influencing decision making to deal with the ethical issues? What are the development plans for managerial ethics in Korean sport organizations? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants working for Korean sport organizations(N=8). Results revealed that Korean sport organizations have been faced with various ethical issues, consist-ing of two main themes: athlete and coach, and organization. While former was related to management and supervision of athlete and coaches, and latter was pertaining to organization’s internal issues. Regarding the factors influencing decision making to deal with the ethical issues, organization’s regulations and obeying boss were identified. In additions, as the tool of ethics management and organizational policy, ethics training pro-grammes and the code of ethics were not applicable and not practical. Finally, improvement of administrative system and eradication of factionalism were suggested for the development plans for managerial ethics in Korean sport organizations.
    Keyword:Sport, Sport Organizations, Ethical Issues in Sport, Managerial Ethics, Ethical Tools
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the experience of discontinuation of the participants in the physical education class by using the case study method which is one of the qualitative research methods. As for the participants of the research, 3 people who discontinued among the participants of the physical education class for children with physical challenges at AAA University were selected and in-depth interviews were conducted, and based on the collected data, the following results were obtained through the data analysis. First, the participants participated in the program without an accurate understanding of the program, and after dissatisfaction with various factors of the environment, they were able to find out the process leading to the discontinuation. Second, the participants were found to be restricted in continuous participation due to various factors of the physical education programs other than the program corresponding to this research case. Third, participants recognized the value of participating in physical activity and were found to be desiring a program with limitations to continuous participation complemented. Despite the quantitative expansion of the program, it was still difficult to find a program that meets their conditions and needs. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve not only the development and dissemination of diverse and systematic programs that can accommodate their diverse characteristics, but also the environment influencing program participation. Furthermore, specialist physical education experts should also pay attention not only to the participants but also to the voice of the people who discontinued and try to achieve better programs.
    Keyword:Adapted Physical Education, Disabilities, Parent’s Perception, Drop-Out, Discontinuation
  • This study aimed to provide fundamental data contributing of throwers between excellent athletes and non excellent athletes by investigating the influence on balance ability. Forty voluntary throwers (20 Excellent Athletes, 20 Non Excellent Athletes) with an understanding toward the aims of this study were selected in 2017 Gim-Cheon athletic championship, and their balance abilities were measured. As for the static balance ability, excel-lent throwers group was higher than non excellent throwers group in Up(U), Right(R), Down(D), and Left(L) static balance ability of body balance variables. Especially, there is a significant difference in Up(U) and Left(L) static balance ability of the body balance variables statistically. As for the dynamic balance ability, excellent throwers group was higher than non excellent throwers group in Up(U), Right(R), Down(D), and Left(L) dynamic balance ability of exercise balance variables. Especially, there is a significant difference in Up(U), Right(R), Down(D), and Left(L) dynamic balance ability of the exercise balance variables statistically. The study results indicate that body balance and exercise balance of thrower effected the athletic ability.
    Keyword:Body Balance Ability, Exercise Balance Ability, Throwers, Excellent Athletes, Non Excellent Athletes
  • The objective of this study was to explore the effect of SMO16, a Korean poly herbal medicine on bone mass in ovariectomized ( r at s . The loss of bone mass is known to be associated with hormone deficiency in OVX rat s In the present study, w e successfully produced the osteoporosis animal model by dissecting the ovary . To determine t he protective effect of SMO16 in OVX rat , SMO16 was administered at a dose of 2.25 g/kg in saline solution for 8 weeks after OVX . Furthermore, we evaluated the direct effect of SMO16 by using a soft X ray system and Masson’s trichrome staining, phloxine tartrazine staining and immunohistochemistry in vivo . SMO16 significantly regulated the expression of proteoglycan and osteopontin . These data suggest that SMO16 exerts a protective effect against osteoporosis via the activation of proteoglycan and osteopontin that are closely associated with bone balance . Moreover, these findings suggest that SMO16 can act as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis
    Keyword:Ovariectomized Rat, Osteoporosis, Osteopontin, Osteoblast, Korean Medicine
  • The purpose of this research is to provide the basic data for college students towards their healthy participation in sports activities by articulating the relationship between the sports participation motivation, social sup-port and social adaptation of the college students participating in the sports activities. In order to achieve this research objective, college students participating in sports activities at five universities during 2017 were selected as the research subjects by using the systematic stratified cluster random sampling method. The self-administration method was used to prepare the survey questionnaire, and the questionnaire survey was conducted by the researcher visiting the research subjects and explaining the purpose of the research to the participants of the collegiate sports activities. The research subjects responded to the survey on the spot, and the researcher retrieved their responses accordingly. As such, a total of 650 copies were distributed, of which the responses whose details were incomplete or absent were excluded from the analysis. In addition, the statistical method was used to undergo the process to remove the extreme values, and 42 samples were excluded, followed by the selection of 608 people as the final valid samples for the final analysis. The collected data then have undergone frequency analysis, reliability analysis and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS version 21.0 program, and the significance level was examined at the p <.05 level to derive the following conclusions. First, as a result of performing the regression analysis of the impact of the participation motivation of the college students' participation in sports on social support, the motivation subfactors such as health, socialization and recreation seem to have a positive impact on the emotional support. Second, the regression analysis of the participation motivation of the college students' participation in sports showed that health and social factors, which are subfactors of the participation motivation, have a positive impact on adaptation, which is a subfactor of the life adaptation. Third, as a result of analyzing the impact of social support of the college students on the life adaptation, emotional support and information support factors, which are social support facts, have a positive impact on the adaptation factor, which is a subfactor of the life adaptation. The college students' participation in sport is based on physical activity, and they feel emotional bond and form friendly relationship, so that through a good relationship with college students, they could have a sense of community and adapt to their school life. Therefore, the sports participation activities help the college students to grow their health, socialization, and pleasure, among others, thereby raising their ability to adapt to social life as a factor, and the efforts to expand their chances to participate in sports, develop sports programs, and secure facilities will be needed. This study suggests strategic approaches to the sport market by analyzing the effects of sport participants' personality on motivations participated in sport activities and the interrelation of personality, participation motivation and decision factors in purchasing sport products. A total of 737 effective responses over 15 years old, living in the capital city in Korea were chosen by using convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Amos 20. The personality of sport and leisure participants seems to have a positive effect on introverted motives for participation in sport activities. In addition, their personalities have a positive effect on extroverted motives for participation in sport activities. Sport and leisure participants' personalities also have a positive effect on product factor and have a positive effect on the image factor in purchasing sport products. On the other hand, sport leisure participants' personalities do not seem to have a positive effect on external factors in purchasing sport products directly. It was also found that sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Similarly, sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect image factor in purchasing sport products. In addition, their introverted motives do not affect external factors in purchasing sport products. Sport and leisure participants' extroverted motives also do not seem to affect the product factor or the image factor in purchasing sport products. However, extroverted motives affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Through the study, it is possible to see the potential value of sport activities in the sport market. Further study on the interrelationship between various personalities of sports and leisure consumers and the decision factors in their purchases is expected to be helpful for leading consumer market in sport industry.
    Keyword:Sports, College Student, Social Support, Social Adaptation, Participation Motivation
  • This study suggests strategic approaches to the sport market by analyzing the effects of sport participants' personality on motivations participated in sport activities and the interrelation of personality, participation motivation and decision factors in purchasing sport products. A total of 737 effective responses over 15 years old, living in the capital city in Korea were chosen by using convenience sampling technique. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Amos 20. The personality of sport and leisure participants seems to have a positive effect on introverted motives for participation in sport activities. In addition, their personalities have a positive effect on extroverted motives for participation in sport activities. Sport and leisure participants' personalities also have a positive effect on product factor and have a positive effect on the image factor in purchasing sport products. On the other hand, sport leisure participants' personalities do not seem to have a positive effect on external factors in purchasing sport products directly. It was also found that sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Similarly, sport leisure participants' introverted motives do not affect image factor in purchasing sport products. In addition, their introverted motives do not affect external factors in purchasing sport products. Sport and leisure participants' extroverted motives also do not seem to affect the product factor or the image factor in purchasing sport products. However, extroverted motives affect the product factor in purchasing sport products positively. Through the study, it is possible to see the potential value of sport activities in the sport market. Further study on the interrelationship between various personalities of sports and leisure consumers and the decision factors in their purchases is expected to be helpful for leading consumer market in sport industry.
    Keyword:Sport Market, Cognitive Model, Motivational Factor, Sporting Behavior, Personality
  • This study aimed to investigate the effects of the golf-addiction tendencies of golf betting participants on their self-management practices. About 450 survey questionnaires(data sheets) were completed by and collected from adults aged 20 years and above with at least 3 years of golfing experience who reside in the Seoul and Gyeongin area in South Korea. The data were analyzed, and the results revealed that, depending on the golfers’ history of betting participation, there were significant differences in golf addiction tendencies and self-management be-havior between the two participant groups(betting vs. non-betting). Across all factors relating to golf addiction, the tendencies of wagering participants were found to be higher than those of non-participants. In terms of training-related self-management behavior, betting participants still showed higher tendencies than non-betting golfers, indicating that wagering in golfing could promote competitiveness in the game and increase the players’ dependence on golfing. Compared with other sports, golf can be intensely addictive, and, thus, golfing might be subject to gambling-like factors. Future studies should clarify the difference between wagering and gambling and, in particular, between golf betting and golf gambling. Follow-up studies could further investigate the proper, socially acceptable levels of betting.
    Keyword:Golf, Gambling, Addiction, Wagering, Self-Management
  • It has been reported that Cynanchum wilfordii exhibits anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activities. However, little is known about biological activity of cynanchone A, an acetophenone isolated from C. wilfordii. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the underlying molecular mechanisms of cynanchone A in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. During the LPS-induced inflammatory process in RAW 264.7 macrophages, nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) productions increased. Cynanchone A significantly decreased the protein levels of NO and PGE2 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, cynanchone A significantly reduced the elevated the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-a(TNF-a) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Consequently, cynanchone A exerted an anti-inflammatory action through inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) activation. Taken together, our re-sults show that the anti-inflammatory properties of cyanchone A are involved in the down-regulating pro-inflam-matory cytokines and regulating NF-kB signal pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.
    Keyword:Cynanchum Wilfordii, RAW264.7, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Oxidant, Cyanchone A
  • This study was to investigate the effects of band resistance exercise and balance training on the improvement of sports injury and performance in the men's university bowling players. To achieve this purpose, the athletes who have been registered as a member of the Korea Bowling Association with more than 5 years of athletic career were selected, and after observing the enhancement of sports injury and performance through the band resistance exercise and balance training, the following conclusion is obtained. First, As for the Average score, there were significantly increased in score of the athletes in 2014 before the training was 191.26, while the average score of the athletes in 2015 after the training was 196.88, which increased by 5.62 compared to the pre-test. Second, as for the Frequency of Sports Injuries by Period, a total of 196 injuries occurred before training in 2014, of which 86.8% occurred during the preparation season. A total of 94 injuries occurred in 2015 after the training, which was significantly reduced compared to pre-training, yet 76.6% of the injuries occurred during the preparation season. The athletes' injury a rate was reletively higher during the preparation season compared to competition season and break season. Third As for the Sports Injury Type, there were decreased increased in 2015. As for the Sports Injury Type and Sports Injury Area, there were Overall improvement increased in 2015. However, there is a need for more specific exercise programs to be developed for the continual improvement of athletic performance in band resistance exercise and balance training along with further studies to confirm the physiological benefits of those programs.
    Keyword:Band Resistance Exercise, Balance Training, Sports Injury, Bowling, Men's University Bowling Players
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Cynanchum wilfordii root crude extract (CWR) on acetaminophen(AAP) overdose-induced liver damage. We tested the hepatoprotective effect of CWR in a normal liver cell line(Chang cell) using cell viability assay and western blot analysis. The protective effect of CWR was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry in vivo. Our results showed that the CWR significantly prevented AAP–induced cell death through the extra cellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2) activation. AAP-induced liver damage in mice was significantly reduced when CWR was ad-ministered at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day(for 7 days) in saline solution. CWR regulated the expressions of inflam-mation-related proteins such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS). These data suggest that CWR presents hepatoprotective effect via the activation of ERK1/2 and the down-regulation of TNF-α and iNOS, which are closely associated with anti-inflammatory responses. Moreover, these findings suggest that CWR can act as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of liver damage.
    Keyword:Cynanchum Wilfordii, Crude Extract, Liver, Acetaminophen, Anti-Inflammation