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The Effect of Functional Training on the Physical Strength Factor of Elite TAEKWONDO Athletes

Vol.4 (No.1) 2019
Author
admin
Date
2019-06-30 12:26
Views
2412

Abstract


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of functional exercise program for 6 weeks(three times a week, 60 minutes / session) on eight elite Taekwondo players. The data were processed using SPSS/PC 18.0 program and the mean and standard deviation were calculated. The effect of functional exercise program was applied to the paired sample t-test.
Results, Body composition items were weight(p <.001), BMI(p <.001), In addition, functional exercise program effect was Back strength(P <.01), sit-up(p <.01), repeated jump(p <.01) and side step(p <.01) were found to be effective in basic physical fitness items. In addition, there was statistically significant difference(p <.05) in all the measurement items as a result of Wingate test, an anaerobic exercise ability item before and after applying the functional exercise program. The maximal graded exercise test using treadmill showed a significant improvement(p <.05) in maximum oxygen uptake(VO2max), exercise duration, and blood lactate concentration.
Results of this study, the functional exercise program used in this study is proposed as an appropriate program to improve the fitness factors required for Taekwondo training

Keyword:Functional Exercise Program, Wingate Test, Maximum Oxygen Uptake, Blood Lactate Concentration, Body Mass Index
  • Leadership is very important in sport. Leadership as provided by the coach plays a very significant role in the lives of athletes and in the athlete’s sport experience. However, the means by which a coach demonstrates leadership behaviors may vary from coach to coach. Coaches at different levels of competition may be expected to interact with athletes differently due to the different levels of athletic ability and possibly the greater pressure to win for employment security. Coaching attitudes and actions may also differ based on their leadership ability and style. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire(MLQ) is a test that looks for the leadership ability and it is one that is accepted by a variety of organization such as sport teams, companies, and even militaries. The MLQ is a test that is widely used today, but just because it is used a great deal of the time, does not mean there are no flaws. The test is not perfect. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and to give some solutions for the test. In this study, the purpose and critiques of MLQ-5X were explored through literature review, and the evaluation and critique of MLQ-5X's practical and technical issues to solve problems that MLQ-5X has. In the practical point, a cover sheet should be attached to each questionnaire by clarifying the nature of the study and the responsibility of each of the parties. Guarantying anonymity of all participants is important factor that would affect the result of study. Researchers should also provide the contact details to safeguard participants form harm caused by any issues that may have arisen due to the research. The MLQ-5X looks at transformational, transactional and non-leadership behaviors and evaluates each of these with various criteria. In read-ing the test results, each question is carefully evaluated. Some of the questions are very specific and require the test taker to choose from ambiguous answers such as "sometimes," "fairly often," etc. Many of the questions address various habits and behaviors as well as thinking processes. For the technical issues, the MLQ-5X test has some strengths and weaknesses in respect to its potential practical application, design and validity. Because of excellent validity and reliability, the MLQ-5X has been used comprehensively worldwide. However, since the MLQ-5X has not been used many times in the sport organization studies, an internal reliability can be issued in the field of sport. The MLQ-5X has some merit because it has been evaluated and used successfully all over the world. Controls have been implemented and to a great extent the numbered questions have validity. Thus, discrepancies will likely be scant, and while the test is a good one in general, it is also likely that some people will fall through the cracks. Therefore, the text should always be used in conjunction with an interview as well as alternative evaluating methods. While the transactional leadership factors have been discussed in the leadership literature for at least fifty years, little attention in the aggregate had been paid to assessing the transformational components, at least up until the last 20 years. Results of the current report potentially offer a more comprehensive survey tool for measuring leadership styles, now it can be refined and improved upon in subsequent research.
    Keyword:Sport Leadership, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, MLQ-5X
  • This study aims to investigate the status of exposure to folk gambling in the families during adolescence for the lawful and unlawful participants of Sports Toto in Korea, present issues of household gambling, clarify the impact on the lawful and unlawful Sports Toto purchases made after reaching adulthood at the same time, analyzes the differences in the efficiency for measures to eradicate the unlawful sports gambling as well as the perception towards Sports Toto, and derive substantive measures to facilitate the lawful purchases of Sports Toto and eradicate unlawful sports gambling. The subjects of this study are the average people who have experienced buying lawful and illegal Sports Toto in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area, which are the leading cities with relatively developed recreational activities and living standards from June through September 2018. The characteristics of the subjects were analyzed by analyzing 750 valid samples out of the total of 1,000 questionnaires collected from 200 people experienced in illegal sports gambling who were additionally selected through 800 on site participants of stores and investigators and the researchers’ acquaintances. Thus, the results of this study are as follows. First, the rate of respondents who witnessed gambling activities within their parents' households during their adolescence turned out to be high, and Go Stop and poker games were the folk gambling favored most by the parents. Second, 62.1% of the respondents were illegal sports gamblers, 62.4% of which turned out to favor participating in illegal sports gambling. Third, it turned to have a significant impact on the pre-adulthood folk gambling participation following the exposure to folk gambling activities and frequency within the parents’ households during adolescence. Fourth, it turned out to have a significant impact on the lawful and unlawful Sports Toto purchases following the pre-adulthood folk gambling participation as well as the exposure to folk gambling of the parents within the household during adolescence. Fifth, it was found to have a significant impact on the monetary games favored oneself currently as well as the folk gambling favored by the parents during adolescence. Sixth, there was a significant difference in the perception of Sports Toto among the lawful and unlawful participants.
    Keyword:Sports Toto, Folk Gambling, Household Gambling, Money Game, And Illegal Sports Gambling
  • We examined the effect of a 4-week vitamin B6·B9·B12 supplementation on the muscle recovery and muscular function induced by acute eccentric exercise. Twenty-nine subjects were volunteered for this study, and they were randomly assigned to either vitamin B6·B9·B12 supplementation group(n=14) or placebo group(n=15). Body composition was measured prior to testing. The vitamin B group was given two tablets of vitamin B6·B9·B12 supplement per day from 4 weeks before eccentric exercise until 72 hours after eccentric exercise, whereas the control group was given two placebo tablets. All subjects performed eccentric exercise using Biodex isokinetic machine after treatment period. They performed a total of 4 sets of eccentric exercise with 12 repetitions per set using their non-dominant arm. Blood samples were taken at pre-exercise, immediately after exercise, and at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hour post-exercise. Maximum isometric force(MIF) and range of motion(ROM) were obtained before and immediately after exercise and at 2, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hour post-exercise. Independent t-tests were conducted to analyze differences between groups in physical characteristics and total amount of work of eccentric exercise. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) concentration, MIF, and ROM were analyzed using 2-way repeated measure ANOVA. A main effect for test session and group effect were significant in LDH concentration(p<.05). A main effect for test session for MIF(p<.05) and ROM(p<.05) was significant. In both groups, LDH concentration significantly increased immediately after exercise and at 48, and 72 hour post-exercise compared to pre-exercise(p<.05). LDH concentration of vitamin B group was significantly higher than control group, independent of test session(p<.05). MIF and ROM significantly decreased from immediately after exercise to 48 hours after exercise, and 72 hours post-exercise, respectively, in both groups compared to pre-exercise(p<.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that at least 4-week supplementation of vitamin B6·B9·B12 may not have a positive effect on the recovery of muscle damage and function induced by eccentric exercise.
    Keyword:Sport, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Maximal Isometric Force, Range of Motion, Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of functional exercise program for 6 weeks(three times a week, 60 minutes / session) on eight elite Taekwondo players. The data were processed using SPSS/PC 18.0 program and the mean and standard deviation were calculated. The effect of functional exercise program was applied to the paired sample t-test. Results, Body composition items were weight(p <.001), BMI(p <.001), In addition, functional exercise program effect was Back strength(P <.01), sit-up(p <.01), repeated jump(p <.01) and side step(p <.01) were found to be effective in basic physical fitness items. In addition, there was statistically significant difference(p <.05) in all the measurement items as a result of Wingate test, an anaerobic exercise ability item before and after applying the functional exercise program. The maximal graded exercise test using treadmill showed a significant improvement(p <.05) in maximum oxygen uptake(VO2max), exercise duration, and blood lactate concentration. Results of this study, the functional exercise program used in this study is proposed as an appropriate program to improve the fitness factors required for Taekwondo training
    Keyword:Functional Exercise Program, Wingate Test, Maximum Oxygen Uptake, Blood Lactate Concentration, Body Mass Index
  • This study was to investigate the effects of Naegong-Chesool exercise on physical fitness and bal-ance abilities in male elderly. The participants were divided into two groups: Exercise group (n=20) and Control group(n=20). The Naegong-Chesool exercise program for 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were significantly increased in muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and agility. Second, there were significantly increased in UP, Down, Left, Right Balance abilities. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the Naegong-Chesool exercise could improve the physical fitness and balance ability of male elderly.
    Keyword:Sport, Naegong-Chesool, Physical Fitness, Balance Abilities, Male Elderly
  • In the present day, the significance of sports has been emphasized as an effective mediator for the international development cooperation such as by being used for economic and social development of developing countries. The United Nations has designated 2005 as a year for sports and athletics and has also adopted a resolution such that sports are an important means of promoting health, education, development and peace, while stress-ing such a positive role for economic development and social development. In this vein, advanced contributors such as Australia and Canada are participating in the international development cooperation utilizing sports, while international sports organizations including the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as well as sports organizations such as organizations for each event are participating in international development and carrying out activities through sports. As such, even as the significance of sports is stressed for the international development, related studies are conducted such as the international development and cooperation through sports and sports ODA, yet the studies conducted with sports as an effective tool of the international development cooperation intended for strategic plan and system development have been minimal. Accordingly, in this study, the concept and significance of international development cooperation through sports are examined, and recent trends and cases of international development cooperation through sports are analyzed to present strategic alternatives for related projects. Strategic implementation plans for international development cooperation through sports include, first, the establishment of global governance among the related organizations, second, the participation of companies to secure stable financial resources, and, third, the utilization of sports stars to help publicize related programs, respectively.
    Keyword:Sports, Sports International Development, Sports ODA, International Development Cooperation through Sports, Development through Sport
  • The ancient Olympic games, which were held every four years as now for a millenium from 776 BC until 395 AD, were a forum of competition for the mankind to mutually compete and enjoy in a variety of ways. Such Olympic games are a unique connection between the ancient and the modern times. The modern Olympic games were held for the first time in Athens, Greece, in 1896 and the 32nd Tokyo Olympic Games will be held in 2020. After Japan experienced the great earthquake in 1923 and lost the second World War, Tokyo was the first to attract the Tokyo Olympic Games in 1964 in Asia, where 19 games were held, with 94 countries and 6,318 athletes participated, thereby becoming an opportunity to inform the world about the high speed growth and strength of the post war Japan. In particular, Japan, which has grown into an economic powerhouse and which is standing in the center of the international political arena, has endeavored to make the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games as the ones attracting greater attention from the world than any other host country in history. Among such endeavors, Japan intended to raise its stature as the host country of the larger and successful games by adding games. Of the games, Karate was a traditional Japanese martial art, which was first introduced from Okinawa to the main islands of Japan in 1917. Thereafter, in 1922, as the Ministry of Education hosted an ancient martial art exhibition in which Karate participated, and as Keio University and Waseda University founded Karate departments, Karate developed into a martial art culture of Japan. Thereafter, Karate has become globalized by the spectacular performance and leadership of Oyama Masters, in which process the Japanese society escaped from the ruins of the war and achieved prosperity and success drawing attention from the world. Furthermore, the spirit of martial art through Karate has brought the Japanese people together, and Karate became the spirit of the Japanese people. For these reasons, Japan has wanted Karate to become an official game for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games. While 26 games were held at the 30th London Olympic Games in 2012 and 28 official games were held at the 31st Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016, including golf and rugby, but Japan has successfully enabled adopting Karate as an official Olympic game, and by including surfing, skateboarding, sports climbing, baseball and soft-ball, the number of official games grew to 33 in total. The modern Olympic games are also used to strengthen national interests, international status, and pride of the nation rather than promoting the understanding of international peace and harmony of mankind. In particular, Karate had faced difficulties in being adopted as a formal game since it was a similar game to Taekwondo of Korea, but since Japan was able to decide on which games to add through the “Olympic Agenda 2020,” the Tokyo Olympic Games Organizing Committee nominated additional candidates of official games for pentathlon to the IOC in September 2013 and acquired approval of the executive committee for the finalization at the general assembly. Accordingly, this study will examine the process of changes for the Olympic games and what process the Japanese Karate underwent to be adopted for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games as an official game. In particular, it will be helpful to understand what impact it will have on the martial art sport after the Tokyo Olympic Games and the flow of sports diplomacy as Karate is adopted as an official Olympic game representing the Japanese martial arts.
    Keyword:Olympic Games, Karate, History, Sports Games, Taekwondo
  • Gongjin-Dan is a traditional oriental medicine herbal drug that has been used tonics. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the hot water extract of Gongjin-Dan mixed garlic(GGD) against scopolamine-induced memory impairment and its mechanism of action. We used the Y-maze and passive avoidance tests to assess anti-amnesic activities in scopolamine-induced memory impairment mouse model. In this model, GGD(12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced memory impairment. We also explored its mechanism of action by conducting an antioxidant activity assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free and acetylcholineserase(AChE) activity assay us-ing the mouse whole brain. GGD increased the scavenging activities of free radical DPPH and ABTS, inhibited AChE activity in the brain. Taken together, our findings suggest that GGD exerts an anti-amnesic effect through the free radical scavenging, AChE inhibition, ameliorate of scopolamine-induced memory impairment. The effect of GGD may be useful for treatment of memory impairment in Alzheimer’s and its related diseases.
    Keyword:Sport, Garlic Gongjin-Dan, Scopolamine, Memory Impairment, Alzheimer’s Diseases
  • This research aims to find out the effects of the senior program participation based on the training method of Dahn-taekwondo that is inherited with the tradition of the original Korean qigong. The targets of this research are 20 women seniors of older than 60. By the classification of the body mass index into the normal and over-weight groups, the senior qigong program was carried out for 1 hour a day 3 times a week for 12 weeks. As a result, there was no change in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the neutral fat of a normal person among the blood lipid factors. The total cholesterol decreased significantly for both groups, and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased significantly for the overweight group. Therefore, it is proved that the comparably easier senior qigong program participation causes the positive effects on the blood pressure and blood lipid factors, and it can be used as a seniors’ health promotion program.
    Keyword:Dahn-Taekwondo, Qigong Training, Blood Pressure, Blood Lipid Factors, Body Mass Index(BMI)
  • The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of mentoring of college golf major instructors on empowerment factor and sports confidence and provide useful data for them to set up clear target goals and improve their performance. In order to achieve this goal, this study selected golf college students in Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daegu, and Gyeongbuk between March and May, 2018 for three months by using a stratified cluster random sampling method. The researcher visited each university and requested explanation and cooperation in the questionnaire. 265 copies of the collected questionnaires were used as the data of this study. For data analysis, the SPSS 22.0 program was used in this study and the hypothesis was verified by frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. As a result of analyzing the effects of mentoring on an empowerment factor, the value of explaining power was .237. The effect of independence variables was positively influenced by career factors(β=.163), psychosocial factors(β=.344), and role model factors(β=.226) on empowerment. Second, the analysis of the effect of mentoring on the factors of sports confidence showed ?2, the value of coefficient of determination was found to be .198. The effect of independence variables was positively related to the sport confidence(β=.157), psychosocial factor(β=.344) and role model factor(β=.243).
    Keyword:Golf, College Golf Majors, Mentoring, Empowerment, Sport Confidence