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  • This study examines the empirical meaning of the winners of the breaking events at taekwondo demon-stration competitions through these narratives, identifies the psychological characteristics of the winners through the psychological technology model of Vealey(1988), and captures the stories in the winning expe-riences. The purpose is to share ways to improve the performance and to provide the necessary infor-mation for the psychological training of the field leaders and athletes through the psychological character-istics of the elite athletes of the taekwondo demonstration competitions. Participants for the narrative research were selected through the purposed sampling, and four athletes who had won the championship in the last three years were selected and interviewed from the Taekwondo Hanmadang competition and university president's flag competitions organized by the Korea National Sport University and Yongin University. First, in the preparation for the competition, the basic techniques were repeated practice, strategic composition, basic physical strength, diet control, and protective mats. Basic techniques included self-efficacy, and psychological techniques included stress management, image training through relaxation, motor-sensory image training, inner mental training, and leadership, encouragement, conditioning, and communication. Second, in the stories of the competition venue, repeated practice appeared as a basic technique among psychological techniques. Self-efficacy and sports confidence were shown as basic skills, and during the practice process, mental image training, subjective goals, cognitive strategies, internal mental training, self-talk, and objective goals were shown as psychological techniques. Interpersonal orientation was a fa-cilitation technique, and performance technique included adaptation to the environmental factors, strate-gic analysis, and focus.
    Keyword:Taekwondo, Demonstration, Competition, Narrative, Breaking
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise program application and the relationship between physical fitness factors and blood variables according to various obesity evaluation criteria for 73 elementary school girls in D-city. As a result of study, body fat percentage and BMI significantly(p<0.05) decreased after exercise program application. In the case of physical fitness factors, it was found that the right, left, and upper body strength, long jump, and physical efficiency index were significantly(p<0.05) increased. In the case of blood variables, insulin, GOT, and GPT significantly(p<0.05) increased, and glucose and HDL-cholesterol significantly(p<0.05) decreased. As a result of the correlation analysis between body composition-related indicators and physical fitness factors, body fat percentage, BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR showed significant(p<0.05) correlation with back muscle strength, and BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR had significant(p<0.05) correlations between right and left grip strength. The body fat percentage showed a significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with sit-up, standing long jump, and physical efficiency index, and BMI showed a significant (p<0.05) correlation with sit and reach, and a significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with standing long jump and physical efficiency index. WHtR showed significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with in standing long jump. As a result of correlation analysis of body composition-related indicators and blood variables, body fat percentage, BMI, WC, WHR, and WHtR showed(p<0.05) significant correlation with blood insulin concentration and GPT. Body fat percentage and BMI showed a significant(p<0.05) correlation with triglycerides, and a significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with GOT and HDL-cholesterol. WC showed a significant(p<0.05) correlation with triglycerides and a significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with HDL-cholesterol. WHtR showed a significant(p<0.05) inverse correlation with HDL-cholesterol. When the results of this study were put together, the 12-week complex exercise program confirmed the positive improvement effect of physical composition and physical fitness factors of elementary school girls.
    Keyword:Elementary School, Body Composition, Obesity, Physical Fitness Factors, Blood Variables
  • This study analyzed the relation between field test(field skills: bat speed, throw distance, base running) and anaerobic exercise ability and isokinetic muscle function related to the performance improvement in 22 female softball players in "D" metropolitan city. The data processing was conducted using SPSS 25.0 to produce the average and standard deviation of all measured items, and the correlation between field skills and anaerobic exercise ability and isokinetic muscle function was measured with the Pearson's correlation analysis. An analysis of the correlation between field tests and isokinetic muscle function showed a significant correlation in the left extensor and bat speed(p<.05) and in weight ratio left extensor and left extensor and throw distance(p<.01). The base running ability showed a significant inverse correlation between the right flexor and 1st base(p<.01), 2nd base(p<.01), and home(p<.05) and between the right flexor/extensor ratio and 1st base(p<.05) and 2nd base(p<.05). For anaerobic exercise ability and isokinetic muscle function, there was a significant correlation between right extensor and peak power(p<.05), average power(p<.05), and total energy(p<.05). Based on the results of this study, it is believed that the bat speed and throw distance of female softball players are related to the left extensor and the base running ability is related to the right flexor and right flexor/extensor ratio.
    Keyword:Softball, Bat Speed, Throw Distance, Anaerobic Exercise Ability, Isokinetic Muscle Function
  • The relative length of the second and fourth fingers(2D:4D ratio) is a putative biomarker for prenatal testosterone. Low 2D:4D has been known to correlate with morphological, physiological, psychological, and high levels of athletic performance and physical fitness. In this study, it was examined the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and two important exercise-related fitness components(speed and power) in non-athlete young adults. A total of 108 healthy recreationally active university students(73 male and 35 fe-male, aged 18-20 years) were participated in this study. Body weight and height were measured, and body mass index(BMI) was calculated. The lengths of the second and fourth fingers of the right and left hands were measured, and the 2D:4D ratios were calculated. The difference of the digit ratio between the right and left hands(Dr-l) was also calculated. Speed and power performance were assessed by measuring 100-meter sprint record and handball throwing distance, respectively. Independent t-test was performed to analyze differences between males and females about all variables of physical(height, weight, BMI) and anthropometric(lengths of 2D, 4D, and 2D:4D ratio of both hands, and Dr-l) characteristics. The association between physical and anthropometric characteristics and the speed and power-related performance in each sex(male: speed, power, female: speed only) was determined by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. As the main findings of this study, the lengths of the 2D and 4D of males were significantly longer than those of females(P < .001), while male digit ratios in both hands were significantly lower than females(P < .01). There was no significant sex difference in Dr-l. In males, sig-nificant positive correlations were observed between the handball throwing distances and the body weight(P < .05) and BMI(P < .01). In females, there was a significant negative correlation between the length of the fourth digit and 100-meter sprint record(P < .05). However, the 2D:4D ratio was not correlat-ed with the speed and power performance in males and females. These results suggest that the 2D:4D ratio is not a major parameter in predicting exercise potential in the nonathlete young adult, and more research is needed that focuses on other factors that can affect exercise potential in the population that is similarly affected by prenatal sex hormones.
    Keyword:Kinesiology, Finger Length, Digit Ratio, Prenatal Testosterone, Sport Performance
  • Purpose; The purpose of this study is to measure and compare the anaerobic power according to the performance level of male middle school handball players in order to analyze the difference between the well performing group and the non-performing group, while providing the basic data for improving the performance by developing the anaerobic power of the non-performing group in the future. The subjects of this study are consisted of 9 excellent handball players and 8 non-excellent players of Middle School D of Region D. The criteria for the excellent and non-excellent players provide for excellent players being those who played as starting members at the time of winning the 45th National Youth Athletic Conference in 2016 and the replacement players being the non-excellent players. As for the method of measuring anaerobic power, the Wingate test, which is the anaerobic power test for short term, and blood lactate concentration analysis were performed. The data processing of this study were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program, and the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each item. The independent t-test was performed to examine the difference in anaerobic power between the groups, while all statistical significance levels were set to P<.05, respectively. The research results indicated that the excellent players were higher statistically than the non-excellent players in terms of anaerobic mean power(p <.05) and total work(p<.05) considering 1kg of weight for anaerobic power. However, even while the significant difference was demonstrated between the groups in terms of the mean power per kg of weight and total work per kg of weight, it determined that the resistance to the lactic acid generated from a high intensity workout over short term was enhanced via training by the excellent group, which did not yield a significant difference in the maximum lactic acid between the two groups. In conclusion, as for the anaerobic power variable, which has a significant influence on the handball performance, the anaerobic mean power which may be exercised by glycolysis continuously over a long term with strong resistance against lactic acid is considered to be important. It is also determined that the anaerobic energy storage method and training method need to be developed accordingly.
    Keyword:Anaerobic Power, Wingate Anaerobic Test, Blood Lactate Density, Anaerobic Mean Power, Glycolysis
  • This study was conducted on hospice patients to identify the cognitive structure of hospice patients with a horticultural therapy. 49 patients and carers(22 males and 27 females) from Feb. 17 2016 to Feb. 22, 2017 and 115 patients and carer(61 males and 54 females) at B Hospital from Jan. 7, 2016 to Dec. 28, 2017, and 170 patients and carers(99 females and 334 females) at C Hospital from Jan. 4, 2017 to Dec. 20, 2017 were analyzed. According to this study, love(42.66%), hope(30.54%), gratitude(13.17%), happiness(10.03%) and self-reflection(2.54%) were listed in order. Both gender showed the highest level of love, followed by hope, gratitude, happiness and self-reflection according to effect analysis of horticultural therapy by gender. In consciousness structure of hospice patient, the expression of love to family was most frequently expressed, followed by hope, gratitude, happiness and selfreflection. The hope of hospice patients was examined lower than that of carers, but self-reflection of patients was found to be higher than the average.
    Keyword:Hospice Patients, Horticultural Therapy, Carers, Consciousness Structure, Self-Reflection
  • The objective of this study is to understand the motivation for participation in security martial arts, training flow, and training attitude of students majoring in security services, and also to examine the mediating effects of training attitude on the relationship between motivation for participation and training flow. To achieve the objective of this study, this study conducted a survey targeting total 422 students majoring in security services by selecting the samples through the convenience sampling method, and total 415 questionnaires were used as effective samples. Using the SPSS Program Ver. 23.0 Statistics Program for the collected data, this study conducted the frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and the hierarchical regression analysis through the three-step mediating effect process of Soble’s Z-test. Through the research methods and procedures above, this study drew the results on the motivation for participation in security martial arts, training flow, and training attitude of students majoring in security services. First, the subfactors of motivation for participation in security martial arts, training flow, and training attitude perceived by students majoring in security services showed partially significant differences between groups in accordance with the characteristics such as sex, event, and experience. Second, the motivation for participation in security martial arts(extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation), training flow(cognitive flow, behavioral flow), and training attitude(perceptional attitude, attentive attitude, participatory attitude) of students majoring in security services showed significantly positive(+) effects. Third, the training attitude played partial mediating roles in the relationship between motivation for participation in security martial arts and training flow of students majoring in security services. In summary, the motivation for participation in security martial arts perceived by students majoring in security services directly had effects on the training flow, and it also had indirect effects on it through training attitude.
    Keyword:Security Martial Arts, Motivation for Participation, Training Flow, Training Attitude, Security Services
  • The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in the percent body fat(% body fat) values estimated by the circumference method, the skinfold method(SKF), the bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA), and the underwater weighing(UWW) and to examine the accuracy of three different field methods by comparing with reference method. Twenty-nine adults(women = 13 and men =16) volunteered to participate(age = 25 to 49 years) in this study. Body weight and height were measured, and body mass index(BMI) was calculated. Body circumferences, SKF thicknesses, BIA, and UWW were measured from five technicians(beginner level) under the guidance of a trained technician. Several validated equations appropriated to race, gender, and age were used to estimate % body fat from SKF method. The prediction equations for estimating % body fat using circumference method were developed considering only gender and age. The % body fat from BIA was calculated with the value of free fatty acids(FFA) estimated from the preset equation for the device. The data were analyzed by using oneway ANOVA to examine the difference in the % body fat results measured from four different methods, and Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis were measured to assess the validity and accuracy for three body composition measurements. Statistical significant was set at P < 0.05. The results showed that the % body fat values measured by four different measurements were statistically similar. However, there were differences in the accuracy for estimating % body fat among different measurements, and it was found that the SKF method was the most accurate method, and the circumference method was the lowest method for predicting % body fat. In conclusion, these results suggested that the estimation of body composition from the circumference and SKF method, and BIA can be estimated relatively accurately, even if measured by an untrained technician when following prescribed measurement methods and procedures. Our data also suggested that the populationspecific equations appropriate to subject should be used to estimate body composition because they will probably predict more accurate estimates.
    Keyword:Kinesiology, Obesity, Anthropometry, Body Mass Index, Body Composition
  • ‘Myopia’, ‘obesity’, ‘decline in physical fitness’ and other sub-health phenomena have always been an urgent problem for Chinese college students to improve the quality of their education and all-round development. To comprehensively improve the physical and mental health of college student’s education, the Chinese government has issued many policies urging college students to actively participate in sports activities. After the release of a series of policies, a large number of college students left their dorms to spend more time doing sports activities. As a result, their physical fitness improved, and the sub-health phenomenon was alleviated. However, with the frequent occurrence of sports injury accidents, many college students are afraid to participate in sports activities, and many parents are also afraid of sports activities. As managers of college students and organizers of sports activities, Chinese colleges also face multiple pressures from the society, parents and students. Some colleges have prohibited the holding of dangerous sports activities and heavily restrict students’ participation in sports activities. The role of improving students’ physical and mental health through sports has also been gradually weakened. A new, important topic in China is ensuring the normal development of college sports activities and the continuous improvement of college students’ physical and mental health and the effective and reasonable solution to reduce the harm caused by sports injury accidents. Accordingly, this paper identifies the current safety of college students’ physical activity in China. It explores the reasons for the safety of their physical activity and puts forward appropriate protective strategies. This paper found that sports injury accidents occur in colleges and universities in different regions with different degrees of injury. The reasons are student, school and environmental factors. Based on the main reasons for the occurrence of accidents, the following suggestions are put forward: 1. The protection strategy of student safety: College students should pay attention to individual behavior and enhance their awareness of protection when participating in sports activities. 2. The protection strategy of college security: Colleges should conduct duplicate protection before and after the occurrence of injury accidents and regularly publicize sports safety knowledge, so students understand the causes of injury accidents. It should also improve the maintenance and management system of sports venues and facilities to reduce the number of injuries caused by accidents. Also, it should increase the medical investment and introduce an insurance system. 3. The protection strategy of social and environmental safety: it is hoped that the Chinese government will continue to issue policies that lead to the establishment of a security system for college students’ sports activities. It is also hoped that the Chinese government and all sectors of society will increase investment in college sports to ensure the maintenance and renewal of college sports venues and facilities.
    Keyword:Sports Activities, Safety Control, Safety Prevention, Prevention Strategy, Risk Management
  • Although the inflammatory response is vital for biological regulation, chronic inflammation damages the human body. Presently available anti-inflammatory drugs, including steroids, have side effects that prevent their administration to athletes. This study aimed at elucidating a method to control exercise-induced inflammation and oxidative stress, by investigating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of extracts of Albizia julibrissin fermented with kefir yogurt(FKA) in vitro. We investigated the effect of FKA on RAW 264.7 cells using cell viability assays. The regulatory effect of FKA in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide(NO) production was determined using Griess reagent and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assays, with specific primers such as interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), and cyclooxygenase- 2(COX-2) in vivo. Furthermore, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging assay was performed and the cellular morphology changes were observed using florescence microscopy. The results showed that FKA significantly reduced LPS–induced NO production by regulating the expression of IL-1β, iNOS, and COX2; thus, FKA exerts cytoprotective effects against ROS-induced cell death. These data suggest the anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential of FKA.
    Keyword:Albizia Julibrissin, Kefir, Anti-Inflammation, IL-1β, iNOS