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  • Purpose: This study analyzed the effects of a Fitness Program, which combines anaerobic and aerobic exercises applied for 12 weeks, on changes in physical fitness, metabolic risk factors, and cognitive function of elderly women aged 65 or older. Method: 20 elderly women aged 65 or older were recruited as the subjects of the study and assigned into 2 groups: the Control Group and the Fitness Program Group, which carried out the exercise. The Fitness Program Group carried out exercises the full-body resistance exercise using a weight machine for the upper and lower extremities, working on from large to small muscles under the supervision of a professional sports instructor, four times a week for 12 weeks. After the resistance exercises were carried out, walking was performed for 30 minutes on a treadmill without slope at a speed of 5.4(km/h). The intensity of the exercise was reset by measuring the RM (repetition maximum) every three weeks. Results: The Fitness Program Group showed a decrease in weight, body fat, and body mass index compared to the Control Group. The Fitness Program Group showed an increase in muscle mass and displayed interactional effects between the group and repeated measurements(p<0.05). In terms of cognitive function, the Fitness Program Group showed an increase in memory over the Control Group, and both groups showed an increase in treatment at neural reaction speed and displayed statistically significant(p<.05) interactional effects. Both groups showed positive increases in simple and selective reaction times(p<.05). Conclusion: It could be confirmed that systematic and regular exercise in old age has a positive effect on body composition and physical fitness. It is predicted that the nerve reaction time, especially in cognitive function factors, has been improved by nerve stimulation. It would be meaningful if future studies compare various aspects of the study subjects, analyze physical fitness factors related to aging, and evaluate cognitive function factors for the prevention of dementia.
    Keyword:Elderly Women with Mild Dementia, Fitness Program, Physical Fitness, Metabolic Risk Factors, Cognitive Function
  • Purpose: This study analyzed the effect of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint on the speed of a pitched baseball with 21 amateur club baseball players in their 20s in the D city area as subjects. Method: The subjects played the sport for between two years and seven years, have no pain or disease in their upper and lower limbs over the past year, and are divided into three groups: S1 for the maximum ball speed of 110 km/h or faster, S2 for 100 km/h or faster to slower than 110km/h, and S3 for slower than 100km/h in their pitched ball speed. The data for this study were processed using SPSS 18.0, calculating mean and standard deviations. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the differences between each item between the groups, and the Tukey method was used for follow-up analyses between the groups. In addition, multi linear regression was used to determine the effect of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint on the speed of a pitched baseball by angular velocity. The statistical significance level was set to p<.05. Results: The faster the pitching speed, the higher the statistical significance of the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint (at an angular velocity of 60 degrees, 180 degrees, and 240 degrees). Among the isokinetic muscle function factors, it was shown that the extensor of the shoulder joint had a high explanatory power. Peak torque of right shoulder joint at 180 degrees angular velocity had 44.9%, and work per repetition at 240 degrees had 54.2% had 54.2% explanatory power. To sum up the above results, the better the muscle function the group has, the faster the speed of a pitched baseball, and especially extensor showed higher statistical significance than flexor. Conclusion: It was also shown that the isokinetic muscle function of the shoulder joint showed a stronger effect on the ball speed in extensor than in flexor of the right shoulder joint.
    Keyword:Baseball Players, Shoulder Joint, Isokinetic Muscle Function, Speed of a Pitched, Muscle Function Test
  • Purpose: This study compared the characteristics of body composition, physique, physical fitness factors, and isokinetic muscle function by grade in middle school soccer players. Method: The results of analyzing differences in body composition and physique, physical fitness factors, and isokinetic muscle function by grade(38 in 1st grade, 46 in 2nd grade, 21 in 3rd grade) targeting 105 soccer players in S city middle school are as follows. Results: Body composition and physique factors there were significant differences by grade in height, weight, upper limb length, lower limb length, sitting height, and arm span. The post-verification of the main effects showed that height and weight were significantly higher for the second and third graders than for the first graders. For upper and lower limb length, the third graders were significantly longer than the first graders, while for sitting height, the second and third graders were significantly higher than the first graders. Fingertips were found to be significantly longer in the third graders than in the first and second graders. In physical strength factors, back muscle strength, grip strength, push-ups, sargent jump, standing long jump, side steps, shuttle run, and trunk forward flexion, trunk backward flexion, visual perception reaction, lung capacity showed significant differences by grade. As a result of post-hoc verification of the main effects by grade, the second and third graders were significantly higher than the first graders in back strength, grip strength(left, right), push-ups, and standing long jump. Sargent jump and side steps were found to be significantly higher as the grade increased, and shuttle run, visual perception reaction, and lung capacity were significantly higher for the third graders than for the first graders. Compared to the first and second graders, the third graders were significantly higher in trunk forward and backward flexion. In isokinetic muscular functions measured at 60 degrees of angular velocity, there were significant differences by grade in left extensor per weight(%BW), right extensor(Nm), left extensor(Nm), left flexor per weight(%BW), right flexor(Nm), and left flexor(Nm). As a result of the post-hoc verification of the main effects by grade, the third graders were significantly higher than the first graders in left extensor per weight(%BW), and the second graders were significantly higher than the first graders in right extensor(Nm), left extensor(Nm), left flexor per weight(%BW), right flexor(Nm), and left flexor(Nm). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the body composition, physique, physical strength factors, and isokinetic muscle function of middle school soccer players differed by grade, and considering that the less than four years of their career during the fast-growing period, the results of this study should be fully reflected in the planning of the training program.
    Keyword:Middle School, Soccer Players, Body Composition, Physical Fitness, Isokinetic Muscle Function
  • Purpose: The study was conducted to verify how sports motivations affect sports goal orientations for middle school soccer players. In order to achieve the goal of this study, a survey was conducted on 338 middle school soccer players to analyze the collected data. The conclusions of the analysis are as follows. Method: In this study, the data collected through the questionnaire was analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Frequency analysis was conducted to identify the demographic and statistical characteristics of the study participants, and the reliability coefficient(Cronbach'α) was calculated to determine the stability, consistency, and predictability of the measurement tools for each item. One-way ANOVA was conducted to find out how the demographic variables of middle school soccer players differed in sports motivation and sports goal orientation. In addition, multiple regression analysis was conducted to verify how sports motivations of middle school soccer players affect their sports goal orientations. The significance level of all the statistics was set at .05. Result: First, the analysis of the differences in sports motivation according to the school year of middle school soccer players showed statistically significant differences in self-control and amotivation factors. Second, an analysis of the differences in sports motivation according to the athletic career of middle school soccer players showed statistically significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and amotivation factors. Third, an analysis of the effect of middle school soccer players' sports motivation on sports goal orientation showed that self-control was a factor in task orientation and that there were statistically significant differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on the ego orientation. Conclusion: Conclusions for future studies based on the results of this study include the following. This study was conducted only for middle school students, so subsequent studies would be meaningful if they were conducted on high school and college students as well. And a study on the differences between teenagers, college students, and regular soccer players will also be meaningful. It would also be meaningful if there were studies that identified not only sports motivation and sports goal orientation but also relationships with various variables and qualitative studies that could find in-depth causes.
    Keyword:Golden Age, Soccer Players, Sports Motivation, Sports Achievement-Goal, Middle School
  • Purpose: This study is highly anticipated to reduce unfair judgment in Taekwondo demonstration games as a qualitative study done on the recognition, problems and development plans of Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions through research subjects composed of referees with experience in Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions. Furthermore, if unified competition rules are applied regardless of the event organizer, it can be used as basic data for establishing objective grounds for Taekwondo demonstration events as a sport. Method: This study used the purposeful sampling method, a non-probability sampling method, as a representative method of qualitative research and selected 5 people who have experience as a referee in Taekwondo breaking demonstration competitions. The study participants include 4 men and 1 woman who are in their 30s and 40s. They possess Taekwondo Grade 6 or 7, and 2 of them have 5 years or less referee experience and 3 had 6 years or more referee experience. After explaining the purpose of the study and the contents of the interviews to the study participants, the participants were asked to respond through telephone recording in a stable atmosphere for the researcher to directly collect the data. The interviews were recorded using a call recording function of Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra for about 40 minutes, and the recorded data were analyzed through a transcription process using an LG laptop. Results: Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the competitions was found as follows; ‘characteristics of Taekwondo breaking demonstration competition', 'advantages', 'disadvantages', and 'injury prevention and emergency response.' Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the scoring of the competition was found as follows; ‘demonstration terminologies', 'evaluation methods', and 'referee qualifications.’ Breaking demonstration competition referees' perception of the development plans of the competition was found as follows; ‘development potentials', 'need for scoring criteria', 'establishment of scoring terminology’, 'enhancement of referee expertise', and 'safety accidents.’ Conclusion: First, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the demonstration competitions was analyzed as the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and emergency response of the breaking demonstration. Second, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the scoring was found to be demonstration terminologies, evaluation methods and referee qualifications. Third, the perception of breaking demonstration competition referees toward the development plan for breaking demonstration competitions was observed to be development potentials, need for scoring criteria, establishment of scoring terminology, enhancement of referee expertise and safety accidents.
    Keyword:Taekwondo, Demonstration, Breaking Competition, Scoring Rules, Referee Recognition
  • Purpose: After 8 weeks of functional orthodontic treatment on the subjects of twelve worker patients with back pain in their 30s, this study attempted to investigate the effect of pelvic tilt, pelvic rotation, lum-bar lordotic angle and ferguson's angle on pelvic floor balance and pelvic displacement. Method: First, to investigate the change in foot pressure balance after functional correction of partici-pants, the foot pressure balance was measured by dividing it into three stages before, during, and after treatment. Second, Pelvic AP View and Lumbar Lateral view were measured before and after treatment to examine X-ray changes in pelvic displacement and spinal displacement after functional correction of participants. Results: To examine the results of analyzing the changes in foot pressure according to the functional correction of the study participants, the changes in the foot pressure of the left and right and the front and back sides showed a more balanced form of foot pressure after conducting functional correction than be-fore conducting functional correction, which is analyzed that there is a statistically significant difference. There was no statistically significant difference between the lumbar lordotic angle's pre and post displacement among the participants' spinal displacement, but the pre and post-displacement of Ferguson's Angle showed that there was a statistically significant difference(p<.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed that functional correction treatment had a significant effect on pelvic displacement and spinal displacement overall, positively affecting the balance between the trunk and low-er limbs, improving the difference in foot pressure and improving body stability.
    Keyword:Functional Correction, Foot Pressure Balance, Pelvic Displacement, Spinal Displacement, Low Back Pain
  • Purpose; This study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of correction of idiopathic scoliosis using Sling and Schroth. Method: A 24‐year‐old woman who was diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis was selected as a study participant, and one year Sling and Schroth program were applied to her. Using the thermography photo device and the thermography camera as a measurement tool, this study investigated the tendency of spinal alignment in the baseline(A), duration of treatment(B), and after treatment(A'). This study was analyzed by graphical visual analysis and mean value, and the following conclusions were obtained. First, in analyzing somatotype photos over the third period, this study observed changes in the left and right deviation of the trunk on the front and back sides, rear shoulder angle deviation, and lateral cervical curvature angle. Results: It was confirmed that the left and right deviation from the front and the rear was reduced, the deviation of the left and right shoulder angles at the rear was also reduced, and that the lateral cervical curvature angle was also reduced. Second, in the analysis of the thermography over three times, temperature changes were observed at the front and back of the upper body, the front of the lower body and the back of the lower body. Conclusion: This study suggest that long‐term exercise correction using Sling and Schroth affects the somatotype photos and thermography of patients with scoliosis. Therefore, it is thought that Sling and Schroth exercise treatment seem to have a positive effect on the treatment of patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
    Keyword:Kinematic, Correction, Sling, Schroth, Idiopathic Scoliosis
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual relationship between the linkage structure and the structural model of participation motive and leisure satisfaction in situations where the safety of marine sports is guaranteed. The total of 217 subjects was selected by convenience sampling technique among those who enjoy marine sports such as windsurfing, scuba diving, kayak, jet ski, and motor boat with the survey questionnaire developed for this study. The validity and reliability of the measurement tools used in this study were verified by a group of four experts. The validity of the tools was verified by confirmation factor analysis, and the reliability was verified with Cronbach's α coefficient. Analyzable data were processed according to the purpose of the study using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Internal consistency was verified through confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis, and structural equation modeling(SEM) was performed for cor-relation analysis and to examine the causal relations among the variables. The research model set up in this study was tested to be fit, and the hypotheses according to the re-search model were verified and the results were obtained as followed. (1)The marine sports safety climate utilized in this study was found to have a positive effect on motives to participate meaning that ensuring safety will further boost participation in marine leisure sports and bring about a lot of development. (2)Safety climate in marine sports has been shown to have a positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Providing a better safety climate for those who enjoy leisure activities is thought to be a natural way to enhance satisfaction. The water leisure facility, where safe climate is set, provides a foundation for participants to enjoy the activities with confidence and further promotes vitality. (3)Motive to participate was found to have a positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Leisure satisfaction has a significant effect depending on the degree of participation in marine sports. It could be concluded that individuals participating in marine sports programs chosen as a way of leisure gain great satisfaction through marine sports activities. However, facilities, equipment, program operators, leaders, and managers related to high-risk sports should prioritize ensuring safety through system-wide safety and thorough education and must recognize that educational actions that value the importance of safety are paramount. If safe and beneficial programs are continuously provided through this, the participation rate and satisfaction will improve, resulting in quantitative and qualitative development of the marine sports industry.
    Keyword:Safety Climate, Participation Motive, Leisure Satisfaction Level, Structural Relationship, Marine Sports
  • Bone mass is regulated by bone resorption(osteoclast) and bone formation(osteoblast), and an imbal-ance between both processes results in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by a loss of bone density and regulation of bone remodeling is crucial for the treatment of osteoporosis. In this study, we investigated whether SMO16, a Korean polyherbal medicine containing 5 herbal components, could regulate bone remodeling in an ovariectomized(OVX) rat model. To test the effect of SMO16 in the OVX model, the rats were divided into 3 groups: a control group, OVX group, and OVX + SMO16(2.25 g/kg) for 8 weeks(ST group). The expression of osteocalcin(OPC), receptor activator of nuclear fac-tor kappa-B ligand(RANKL), and osteoprotegerin(OPG) were measured in the femur using specific antibodies. The bone mass was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In the OVX group, protein expression of OPC was decreased; however, in the ST group, OPC expression was significantly increased when compared with the OVX group. SMO16 significantly reduces RANKL-positive cells in the OVX rat femur. Additionally, SMO16 increased OPG expression levels. Importantly, SMO16 significantly increased bone density. These data suggest that SMO16 increases bone remodeling by regulating OPC, RANKL, and OPG signaling. SMO16 could be a potential alternative treatment for osteoporosis.
    Keyword:Osteoporosis, Osteocalcin, RANKL, Osteoprotegerin, Korea Herbal Medicine
  • The genius loci of sport stadium is the main element for the public to feel the sport atmosphere and experience its function as the city architecture, and it is also the foothold and significance of sport stadium. However, with the change of architectural concept, advanced technology and new building materials gradually become the architectural theme of sport stadium, and the nature of sports carried by it is gradually covered by these phenomena, leading to the weakening of the public's cognition of sport stadium. If this phenomenon exists for a long time, it will not only affect the function of sport stadium and its role in urban development, but also eliminate the nature of it. Therefore, to reconstruct and maintain the genius loci, this paper analyzes the genius loci of sport stadium in China with the main elements of the collective memory, explores the nature of genius loci, and provides suggestions for its spread and continuation in the future. This paper explores the construction of genius loci of Chinese sport stadium based on collective memory through literature review. It fosters to spread and consolidate genius loci of Chinese sport stadium through reconstruction of memory. According to the results from this study, there are three factors of collective memory. 1)Sport fans as the subjects of memory in the construction of collective memory. 2)Sport events and activities as the carrier in the construction of collective. 3)Stadium carrying Genius Loci as the object in the construction of collective memory. However, there are still some existing problems of genius loci of sport stadiums for the construction of collective memory. Lacking chance to enter into sport stadium hinders interaction between people and stadium. The formation of Genius Loci of stadium needs people deeply interact with stadium. The feeling of subject is the first step to identify Genius Loci of stadium. At present stage, the openness of the stadium is low, and the opportunity for people to feel sports and have emotional resonance is reduced, so it is difficult to interact with Genius Loci of stadium. In addition, low continuity of sport events and activities which causes sport stadium idling impedes the spread of Genius Loci of sport stadium. The number of stadiums has been increasing with the rapid development of sport industry in China but the number of sport event generated is relatively limited. Moreover, location trend from city to suburb blocks the spread of Genius Loci of sport stadium. Most stadiums in China are located in the suburbs of the cities. Although they can be satisfied with the harmony of the surrounding natural environment, the interaction between stadiums and people is severely restricted by the inconvenient traffic and other conditions. Based on the results from this study, there are several suggestions to keep collective memory of Genius Loci perceive from the stadiums by sport fans. 1)As the subject of the memory, the public's intuitive feeling and experience of sport stadium is the key to the spread genius loci. 2)Sport events are the main ways for the public to interact with Genius Loci. 3)The construction of sport stadium should focus on the integration of the surroundings and become an integral part of urban construction.
    Keyword:Collective Memory, Sport Stadium, Architectural Theme, Genius Loci, Public’s Cognition