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  • This study was a descriptive study conducted to investigate nursing college students’ degree of patient safety management during their clinical training. This study aimed to provide a baseline data for developing systematic nursing educational curriculum for the enhancement of competence in nursing college students’ fundamental patient safety nursing intervention. The participants consisted of 372 senior nursing college students who have had clinical practice at a nursing college in Gwangju metropolitan city. The data was collected from December 4th to 28th in 2017 at the end-point of their clinical training education in nursing college, and convenience sampling was the method of inves-tigation for this research. For the assessment of patient safety management knowledge(PSM-K), instrument modified by Choi & Lee(2015) from Park & Park(2014) was used. The instrument for patient safety management attitude(PSM-A) assessment was by Chenot & Daniel(2007), for confidence in performance of patient safety man-agement(PSM-CP) by Park(2011), and for patient safety management practice(PSM-P) by Yoo & Lee(2014). The collected data was analyzed with SPSS 19.0 using descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and Scheffé test. The results of this study indicated that the ratio of correct answers of PSM-K was 70.7%, PSM-A was 3.85, PSM-CP was 3.99, and PSM-P was 4.24 out of 5 points. And also in terms of the correlations between PSM-K, PSM-A, PSM-CP, and PSM-P, significant positive correlations existed between PSM-K and PSM-A(r=.28, p<.001), PSM-CP and PSM-K(r=.19, p<.001), PSM-CP and PSM-A(r=.48, p<.001), PSM-P and PSM-A(r=.37, p<.001), and PSM-CP and PSM-P(r=.37, p<.001). Therefore, in order to enhance nursing college students’ competence in patient safety nursing intervention, nursing college students must experience various exercises and training for patient safety management during the clinical practicum as well as with scenario-based simulation. And nursing education facilities should develop educational contents about patient safety for nursing college students.
    Keyword:Patient Safety, Safety Management, Nursing, Nursing College Student, Republic of Korea
  • Manufacturers of lead-acid batteries have made great efforts to reduce the production cost of batteries. Simplifying the manufacturing process is an effective way to reduce costs. In general, it has been recognized that tubular electrode plates should be pickled after filling with the positive active material(PAM). This process requires a pickling and drying process. During this process, curing of the active material occurs. Generally, the curing process is the most time-consuming part of the lead-acid battery manufacturing process. This study deals with the simplification of the manufacturing process for lead-acid batteries using a tubular type positive plate. The effect on discharge capacity of pickling and curing time for the tubular plate was investigated. In this study, tubular positive plates filled with the active material were subjected to case formation(CF) by assembling the cell without pickling. The investigation illustrated that pickling conditions were a determinant for modifications of the chemical and phase composition of the PAM and for electrochemical performance. Thus, a better under-standing of the pickling mechanism is required in order to optimize the tubular positive plate’s performance. It has been observed that the key to successful pickling is the maintenance of an exact balance between the concentration of H2SO4, and the duration of the pickling process. The comparative study showed that longer pickling times and higher concentrations of H2SO4 do not necessarily result in electrodes with better first capacity performance. Also, it was noted that if the concentration of H2SO4 for pickling was too low or too high, the capacity of the battery was reduced. In this study, the best cell performance was obtained after 3 hours of pickling in H2SO4 solution with a specific gravity of 1.20 and after 16 hours of pickling in H2SO4 solution with a specific gravity of 1.10. This result will be commercially valuable to tubular type lead-acid battery manufacturers in terms of simplifying the manufacturing process.
    Keyword:Crisis, Manufacturing Process, Pickling, Tubular Positive Plate, Lead-Acid Battery
  • Purpose; The purpose of this study was to analyze papers on the self-leadership of nursing students, which were included in domestic academic journals over the past 15 years, in an attempt to determine the research trend. Methods: This is a descriptive research study that analyzed 41 papers included in domestic academic journals over the past 15 years(2003-2018). Results: The studies related to the self-leadership of nursing students numbered five(12.2%) between 2009 and 2014 and 36(87.8%) between 2015 and 2018. As to the distribution of the papers by journal, 10 papers(24.3%) that were largest in number were included in the Journal of Korea Academia- Industrial Cooperation Society. Concerning variables related to self-leadership, critical thinking disposition was a major variable that was covered in 10 papers(24.3%) that were largest in number, and another major variable was self-efficacy that was covered in seven(17.5). As a result of analyzing the papers by research method, every study was quantitative research that numbered 41(100%). Out of them, the descriptive research studies were most common, and the experimental studies numbered 17(17.0%). In regard to sample size determination, G*Power was used the most in 31 papers(75.6%). Regarding institutional review board, eight(19.5%) out of the 41 papers were implemented with the approval of IRB. As for data analysis in the studies using descriptive statistics, t-test was used mainly in 35 papers(85.3%); ANOVA, in 26(63.4%); Pearson correlation coefficient, in 26(63.4%). In the experimental studies, x2-test was dominant, which was used in 10 papers(24.3%) . Conclusion: The findings of the study are expected to provide some information on how to nurture the self-leadership of would-be professional nurses to step up their competency development to affect their clinical performance in a positive way and on how to set the right directions for the development of nursing to make a contribution to the improvement of the quality of nursing.
    Keyword:Nursing Students, Self-Leadership, Domestic Research Trend, Analysis, In Republic of Korea
  • The purpose of the article is to examine whether and how the regime value approach proposed by John Rohr can be applied to the learning of administrative ethics in South Korea. It focuses on the issue of unification as a critical regime value among others in Korea. Unification is a good example as a regime value in Korea because its Constitution emphasizes the mission of peaceful unification based on the principles of freedom and democracy. Furthermore, a pre-dominant number of the people agree with the fact that unification is an unchangeable supreme task for Koreans. To begin with the history of Korea’s division unintended by the people, the article describes and analyzes why Korea was divided and should be reunified. The success of unification as a regime value heavily depends on how to resolve its tension with the need for national security. Korean administrators need to pay special attention to such a subtle dilemma whenever they use unification as a criterion for decision-making and administrative discretion. Rohr argues that the opinions of the Supreme Court are the most suitable teaching device in the US. In Korea, the decisions made by the Constitutional Court, not the Supreme Court, are “dialectic,” including concurring and dissenting opinions, so they will be excellent teaching devices to help learners experience diverse political opinions and Korean values. In administrative fields, they will also be great guidelines for right and wise decision-makings in the Korean context. In addition to those decisions, Korean values can be found in a wide variety of sources, which include the writings and speeches of prominent political leaders, campaign platforms, scholarly interpretations of Korean history, and literary works of all kinds. These various teaching devices as well as the living and concrete guideline like regime values will en-able present and future administrators, who have often lost right ways, to make ethical decision-makings in the Korean context and to overcome ethical crisis that still remains in Korean bureaucracy. However, there may be a cultural obstacle such as Confucianism for regime values to be successfully embedded in real bureaucracy. Confucianism greatly influences a way of thinking of Koreans and the substantial operation of the Korean administrative system. Its major values such as “Harmony,” “loyalty” and “consensus” sometimes outweigh individual consciousness or ethical decisions to be secured by the status of public servants.
    Keyword:Ethical Crisis, Korea Peninsula Unification, Regime Value, Administrative Ethics, Korean Bureaucracy
  • This study investigates safety accidents in physical education classes which account for the largest part of the elementary school safety accidents and increasing year by year. This study is carried out in order to provide general understanding of the concept of safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes and to suggest ways to prevent safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes through previous re-search results and literature data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes based on previous studies and literature data and to suggest measures against safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes after analyzing the actual conditions of safety accidents occur in physical education classes. The concept of safety accidents in physical education classes collectively refers to all kinds of accidents in relation to physical education classes. Assuming that daily physical educations are resting on elementary school physical education classes, positive experiences in physical education are expected to have great effects on a child even after he/she is grown up. Therefore, physical education classes must be safe and safety management for physical education classes must be in place. Safety accident occurrences in physical education classes were observed to be increasing every year. It was also found that nearly half of the teachers had experienced safety accidents. Also, male teachers had more incidents of safety accident than female teachers. Higher rate of safety accident occurrences in elementary school was observed in students in higher grades. Fractures were the most frequent, followed by lacerations, tooth(mouth) injuries, sprains, and concussions. Among all bodily injuries head injury showed the highest number of 9,836 incidents, followed by hands, feet, teeth(mouthy), legs and thoracic abdomen. Some of the safety accidents in elementary school physical education classes were caused by students' carelessness, failures to follow instructions and mischievous behaviors. And some others were caused by teachers' carelessness, insufficiency in managing children and lack of safety training and facilities and teaching aids that are old, inadequate and nonconforming. In order to improve safety in elementary school physical education classes, firstly, safety awareness should be raised and training for physical education classes must be continuously made. Secondly, prevention systems such as safety inspections should be strengthened and safety management of facilities should be improved. Thirdly, safe and enjoyable physical education classes should be conducted through implementing new teaching aids.
    Keyword:Elementary School, Physical Education School, Safety, Safety Accident, Safety Training
  • The start of lifestyle sports in Korea began in 1962 with the introduction of the National Physical Education Promotion Act, but due to economic difficulties, it only started in earnest from the 1980s. In 1986, the National Physical Education Promotion Long-term Plan was established and with the establishment of the National Physical Promotion Comprehensive Plan in 1990 and the first National Physical Promotion 5-year plan in 1993, and the second 5-year National Physical Promotion Plan in 1998, lifestyle sports began to emerge in earnest and its development began. The purpose of this study is to understand the current state of physical education facilities in rural areas and to analyze the safety consciousness according to physical injuries caused by physical education facility management and users and also to raise consciousness in the safety issues that arises from using physical education facilities. In 1995, as local self governing government heads began to be directly elected, local governments began to have the characteristic of local residents directly participating in local governance. As a consequence, local governments established lifestyle sports policies to meet the demands of local residents to participate in sports, and implemented policies which activate lifestyle sports to allow the activation of community-centered lifestyle sports. From 2006 to 2010, facilities for sports and leisure were established with the goal of establishing 2 to 3 sports facilities in each of the eup, myeon and dongs(Korean scale for categorizing cities), and small-scale exercise facilities were installed in places easily accessible to nearby residents. However, since most of the subjects using these physical facilities are elderly people, the injury rate is high when using these physical exercise facilities as they lack knowledge on the safety procedures and knowledge on systematic sports activities, sports safety and skills. In particular, the rural population in Korea is composed of a typical aged society, and the percentage of sports injuries is very high in comparison to the population because there are many elderly people whose cognitive abilities are poor. The safety management area for using physical education facilities can be divided into physical management, work management, and the personal management of physical education facility users. The results of this study are as follows. 1)Physical activity safety accidents are caused most frequently by personal mistakes of the users. Therefore, regular education on the use of physical facilities and exercise equipment and safety rules is necessary and physical trainer placement is also necessary. 2)It is necessary to provide administrative support for regular inspection and management of facility safety. 3)In case of an accident, first aid measures and communication with related organizations should be prepared. As mentioned above, such measures will contribute to reducing physical injuries of sports facility users in rural areas and raise awareness on sports safety.
    Keyword:Sport, Safety, Crisis, Village, Facility
  • Safety education for children is to help them to live a healthy life by learning safety knowledge, attitude and function to protect themselves from danger. In order to achieve effective safety education for children, knowledge and competence of early childhood teachers on safety education should be premised. However, in relation to the contents of safety education, the early childhood teachers perceived media safety and environmental safety to be low. A low awareness of media and environmental safety will result in a lower level of practice in safety education have. That is why new education methods related to media and environmental safety are urgently needed. In media safety, it is necessary to cultivate proper capacity to block harmful media. It is necessary to look at the information provided by the media from a critical and analytical point of view and to cultivate the ability to accept the necessary information discreetly from a young age . In environmental safety, it requires a change of values in order to solve environmental problems. In order to do this, it is important to establish accurate values and to develop critical and analytical perspectives. Debate is the right education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the debate method on the pre-service early childhood teachers in media and environmental safety education. The purpose of this study was to examine 21 grade-3 students who took a course on child safety management at A University in Gangwon-do using the learning achievement and the life core competency test tool. As a result of applying the debate method to the media and environmental safety education in this study, it was found that there was a significant effect on achievement of learning goals, problem solving and communication ability. In debate, since the deviation of the utilization ability as well as the knowledge acquisition is clearly visualized and the ability to communicate through refutations, questions and answers was performed as the main factors, the early childhood teachers can recognize the weakness of their weakness and can be able to 'learn well'.
    Keyword:Safety, D ebate, Learning Achievement, Problem Solving Ability, Communication Ability
  • Purpose; CD(Celiac Disease) is a genetic disease caused by gluten, which is one of the most common diseases among modern people. The only way to prevent this is by eating gluten-free foods. Our rice, which is a main food, is a popular food. It is thought that it is appropriate to use this rice for the development of gluten - free food because it is made from such high. In this study, we tried to measure muffin quality, texture, color and sensory evaluation by using puffed rice. For the preparation of puffed rice muffins, first add the puffed rice flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, water was added and mixed at low speed to complete the dough(23 ± 1 °C). The puffed rice muffin was prepared by placing 70 g of dough in a muffin cup (7.5×4 cm) and baking in a preheated oven at 200 °C and 200 °C for 20 minutes. After cooling, it was used for the experiment. The hardness of the muffins added with puffed rice was significantly lower than that of the muffins prepared with wheat flour. The chewiness and hardness were significantly lower as the amount of puffed rice was increased, and the number of muffins prepared with puffed rice was the lowest among the samples. The results of the color measurement of muffins showed that the lightness decreased significantly with the increase of the amount of expanded rice. The sensory evaluation showed that PM2 produced by adding 50% puffed rice flour and 50% wheat flour was the best, and the taste of muffin was PM1 added with puffed rice 25% were significantly higher than the other samples. Therefore, PM2 with 50% puffed rice flour and 50% wheat flour were most preferred. Therefore, it has been found that the preparation of muffins by adding puffed rice is preferable to consumers' preference, and it is thought that it will be useful for the development of gluten free products, and various products using puffed rice should be developed.
    Keyword:Safety, Gluten, Muffin, Puffed Rice, Sensory Evaluation
  • Equality between men and women is one of the social questions that will sustain as long as sex based discrimination remains unchanged. Various approaches have been made from many different aspects to do away with it. All this notwithstanding, it remains a sensitive issue until now, indicating that all approaches so far made are of no avail with immanent limits. Furthermore, there has lately been a transformation in national leadership from government initiation to the joint participation of the government and civil society, both of which having its own respective role in what may be called participatory reform. Likewise, all social sectors are to join in recognizing, sorting and redressing social issues at hand From this point of view, "a gender equal community" is suggested in this study as a means of resolving the structural and sustaining issue of inequality between men and women under communalism. To provide a theoretical background, the details of the proposed community of gender equality a re discussed on the basis of communalism. This is to realize a society in which men and women stand on an equal footing. This study signifies a new approach as has never been attempted to tackle the problem of gender inequality, though the model presented here is of an initiative nature
    Keyword:Social Crisis, Communalism Gender Equality, Gender Equal Community Local Autonomy
  • When measurin g relative renal function ratio (RRFR) in nuclear medicine tests, radiation is usually counteding a posterior detector. However, when there is a difference in the depth of the left and right kidneys, counting of the radiation using only the posterior detector may result in a lower counting rate of the deeply located kidneys. In this study, we investigate d the usefulness of geometric mean in measuring the RRFR by applying a geometric mean after counting radiation using the anterior posterior detector when the depths of the left and right kidneys are different. Kidney model studies and clinical studies were performed using the Symbia T16 gamma camera system to obtain anterior and posterior images. For RRFR calculations, RRFR was measured by applying arithmetic mean, once with information only counted by the posterior detector. Again, with the information cou nted by the anterior and posterior detectors, the geometric mean was applied to measure the RRFR. The results of the kidney model study were y = 0.23 + 0.38x, R 2 = 0.986 (p = 0.000), and the clinical results were y = 0.25 + 0.16x and R 2 = 0.82 3 (p = 0.000). It can be seen that as the depth difference of the elongation increases, the function ratio of the deeply located elongation increases gradually among the RRFRs in which the geometric mean is applied with the information counted by the anterior and posterior detectors. In kidney examinations conducted by the nuclear medicine department, the RRFR is generally measured using only the posterior detector. However, when the RRFR was measured using the geometric mean with the information from the anterior and posterior detectors, it was confirmed that the function ratio of the deeply located kidney rises. The above results suggest that the attenuation between the kidney and the detector is corrected. For patients with different depths of the left and right kidneys, it would be useful to measure the RRFR by applying a geometric mean with the both detectors.
    Keyword:Nuclear Medicine Safety , Kidney Model, MAG3 Renal S can, Geometric Mean, Relative Renal Function