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  • This study was performed to provide the basic data for first aid management by identifying the degree of education on the infant first aid of child care teacher. The concept of first aid in the child care facilities is the basic first aid by the child care teacher, the discoverer, when the emergency occurs and is the process to protect the condition of infant, and to prevent the aggravation and additional damage until receiving the support of the medical expert or the treatment in the hospital. The first aid refers to the skill to performed with hands without special medical equipments or tools and since the pain is reduced, economical damage is minimized and most all, the secondary damage is prevented with simple basic treatment, it is required. Therefore, as one of the emergency medical treatments, the first aid is not only to help temporarily to prevent the danger of life or significant aggravation of symptom until receiving better treatment in the hospital but also include the acts to call 119 and to help recovering without medical treatment to prevent the significant aggravation. As such, if one perceives the emergency and knows first aid, he/she may save the life from death and can enhance the quality of life The first person who discover the emergency in the child care facilities is the child care teacher and should be educated so that can provide the important help in the emergency by identifying the emergency through the periodic education without receiving professional first aid training. As a first responder, the faster the action of the child care teacher the greater influence on the prognosis of the infant can be granted. Although the type of accident varies slightly by research, mostly the wound such as fall, bump, bleeding, fracture, sprain, dislocation, high fever, fall, etc. is reported. Therefore, through the type of emergency, the child care teacher always needs to observe and protect the infants. As seen above, this study suggests as follows. First, the infant first aid mode for child care teacher should be developed and distributed. General first aid training is important. Particularly, the first aid for infant should guide the characteristics of the infant's develop-mental phase. In addition, through the education of accident type and the treatment training by common symptom, the child care teacher can respond to the emergency. Second, the first aid training system should be distributed systematically in the national level. Third, the first aid training for the child care teacher needs the changes of the education strategy
    Keyword:First Aid of Child Training System, Child Care Teacher, Treatment Training, Nurse, Republic of Korea
  • As growing the size of sport industry, every person has witnessed a dramatic rise in the popularity of various forms of sport activities such as fitness, water sport, outdoor sport, bike, ball games, etc. Participation in sport programs is a natural way for most people to be physically active, and the opportunities to take part in organized sports have increased markedly during the last decades. However, participation in sport activities increases the risk of sports and facility-related injuries because risks are inherent in sport and even the safest programs can never avoid accidents and injuries. As the increase in participation of sport activities over the years, it is widely believed that sports injuries are becoming more and more prevalent - across all age groups in nationwide. With-out the well-developed risk management plans, however, poorly run programs could result in a negative reputa-tion as well as a financial loss for the organizations. The use of appropriate risk management strategies is the best way to reduce the risk from occurring in the first place. According to the previous study, existing a formal risk management plan in sport organization can reduce the injury rates of participants and improve quality of service for participants of sport programs. In addition, a risk management plan can reduce money paid for loss claims as well as maintain the safety of services. Therefore, the purpose of study is to explore the impact of risk management, to discuss risk assessment and analysis, to addresses the need for risk assessment at sport facilities, and finally to describe the sport-specific risk management plan(RMP) developed while conducting research through the literatures for sport professions to reduce the risks and hazards anticipated in so that the sport organizations could avoid unforeseeable litigation, defamation, financial loss, accidents and injuries of personnel. The D.I.M. process should be used as an effective way to establish a proper risk management plan that will assist organizations in decreasing unwanted losses. This process consists of three steps as follows: 1)developing RMP, 2)implementing RMP, and 3)managing RMP. Developing a risk management plan, the first step of the D.I.M. process consists of three detailed stages: 1)Identifying risks, 2)Classifying risks, and 3)selecting methods of treat-ment for the risks. The next step in the D.I.M. process consists of implementing the risk management plan. Im-plementation means communication with all employees and the risk manager should impart to them that com-munication is critically important in order to put the risk management plan into practice. The final component of the D.I.M. process is to manage the RMP. In the managing the RMP step, hiring or selection of a risk manager or a risk management committee, providing the risk manager or committee with the authority to lead, and provid-ing employees with the opportunity for continual input into the RMP are executed. The last process for RMP is risk management audit to review their process through a good feedback system. A risk management audit is a formal review of the plan that attempts to cover all pertinent legal aspects of the organization. Managing risk is to make the question “What if” and always have an answer for it. Sport related facility su-pervisors, program providers, or instructors have the responsibility to follow policies, consider all possible risks or take precautions and appropriate safety measures in order to reduce financial or personnel risks.
    Keyword:Safety, Injury, Risk Management Plan, D.I.M. Process, Sport Facility
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise on the job re-lated physical fitness and pulmonary function ability of fire fighters, and to confirm that the improvement of work performance and breath-ing ability of fire fighters can be achieved through aquatic exercise. In order to accomplish this purpose, the subjects were selected from 30 fire fighters working at C city, and the effects of the aquatic exercise on the work job related physical fitness and pulmonary function ability of fire fighters were as follows. The participants were divided into two groups: Exercise group(n=15) and Control group(n=15). The aquatic training for 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, As for the job related physical fitness, there were significantly increased in Grasping power, sit-up, seated hip adductor stretching, back strength, standing long jump and 20m round trip running in the exercise group. Second, As for the gait Ability, there were significantly increased in speed and stepin the exercise group. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the aquatic training could improve the job related physical fitness and pulmonary function of fire fighters. However, there is a need for more specific exercise programs to be developed for the continual improvement of athletic performance in aquatic training along with further studies to confirm the physiological benefits of those programs.
    Keyword:Aquatic Training, Job Related Physical Fitness, Pulmonary Function, Fire Fighters Physical Fitness, Fire Fighters in Korea
  • An elementary school is a place where a group of youths with lively physical activities are active and are always exposed to the risks of accident, therefore, it is required for the elementary school students who are lacking in the ability, knowledge and judgment in crisis responses to have crisis education. The crisis situation for South Korean children and adolescents is very high among OECD countries with an average of 25.6 deaths in children and adolescents in the past between 1991 and 1995. From 2009 to 2010, the mortality rate of per 100,000 children and adolescents was 9.7 persons(traffic accident), 7.1 persons(murder), 5.1 persons(suicide), 1.8 persons(drowning), 1.7 persons(falls), 0.5 persons(fire accident), and 0.1 persons(poisoning accidents). Crisis Education in South Korean Elementary School is supporting disaster control, life safety, traffic safety, violence and personal safety, drug and harmful material safety, internet addiction and first aid in relation to safety related matters by greatly increasing the safety budget in 2016. However, the safety education conducted at South Korean elementary schools is often insufficient for students to make them cope with and overcome crises. Even if elementary schools have to carry out every year over 44 hours of safety education such as six hours of disaster preparedness education, missing and abducted person prevention and traffic safety, they are replaced with only 2 ~ 6 hours of disaster training for the reason that there is no specific guidance. As a result of the ‘Survey on Children’s Safety Education’ conducted from October to November last year by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Security Administration and so on in terms of 21,540 teachers from nationwide kindergartens and elementary schools, 12.9% of elementary school teachers and 30,6% of kindergartens teachers observed the mandatory time for safety education, however, most of them have been replaced by audiovisual materials, and only 18.1% of elementary school teachers and 28.1% of kinder-garten teachers had participatory education. The participatory method for the safety education for elementary school students, based on the assumption of an actual emergency situation, was more effective, however, most of delivering methods were to render the relevant content as lectures. Therefore, the crisis education for elementary school in South Korea needs to be systematically developed as follows. 1)It is necessary to conduct participatory education on the contents and the method of crisis education at schools. 2)It is necessary to expand the professional workforce in charge of crisis education at schools. 3)It is necessary to learn crisis education by experience in order to act it out in case of a crisis by implementing crisis education periodically by systemizing it according to the levels of students. 4)It is necessary to provide various crisis response experience sites. Therefore, this study aimed to be helpful in keeping oneself from dangers by learning personal methods of crisis management response and ability by the opening of crisis education curriculum so that students may understand proper crisis management and learn proper responsibility through the curriculum of South Korean elementary school.
    Keyword:Elementary School, Crisis, Management, Education, Risk
  • Identity theft victimization is a pervasive issue that affected 17.6 million people in the United States in 2014. In recent years, criminals have leveraged an expanding field of technologies, tactics, and various systems to com-mit identity theft. According to the Department of Justice, 7% of all Americans ages 16 and older were victimized. This 7% accounted for an estimated $50 billion in losses in 2016. Routine activities theory is often used as a theoretical lens and is frequently considered in conjunction with victim’s online profiles and routine activities. Routine activities theory states that crime is more likely to occur when these three elements are present: a motivated offender, suitable targets, and lack of available guardian-ship. Various studies have focused on the measurements of victim’s online exposure to motivated offenders, online proximity to motivated offenders, online target suitability, online self-guardianship (target hardening), and demographic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine identity theft victimization in the United States through the lens of cyber-routine activities theory. A subsample of 84,823 respondents from a 2014 National Crime Vic-timization Survey was analyzed. The current study provided a more concise measurement on capable self-guard-ianship. Specifically, the researchers looked at two types of self-guardianship, online and offline self-guardianship. Online self-guardianship was defined as a protective behavior or online tool that could help potential victims secure themselves from perpetrators. These include but are not limited to changing passwords, firewalls, and antivirus programs. In accordance with routine activity theory, offline self-guardianship was defined as protective behavior or target hardening in the physical world. These protective measures served to prevent conventional types of crimes in both the physical world and cyberspace. In an attempt to address the gaps in the literature regarding a concise measurement of self-guardianship, the following hypotheses were evaluated in the present study: 1)individuals who have a higher level of online self-guardianships(e.g. changing passwords or using security software) are less likely to be victimized by identity theft; 2)individuals who have a higher level of offline self-guardianships(e.g. checking credit report or statement) are less likely to be victimized by identity theft. The findings indicated that online and offline self-guardianship was statistically significant effect on the reduction of identity theft victimization. Lastly, the study concluded with a discussion of the policy implications and a discussion of limitations of the current research.
    Keyword:Capable Guardianship, Crisis of Identity Theft, Cyber-Routine Activities Theory, National Crime Victimization, Binary Logistic Regression
  • Recently, as the Chinese economy has focused on the decline in economic growth rate, economic restructuring, and assimilation of demand stimulus policies, the burden of maintaining the growth rate of the Chinese economy is increasing. Previously, the three northeastern provinces of CHINA once led the growth due to the rich the nat-ural resources and the Chinese government's policy support, but, after the reform and opening up, the three northeastern provinces have been falling rapidly in the comparative advantage or the share of GDP and stagnat-ing in comparison with other regions. In particular, after CHINA entered the New Normal in 2014, the Chinese government implemented supply-side reforms completely, and put the focus of this reform on overcapacity of heavy industry and reform of state-owned enterprises. As a result, the economic growth of the three northeastern provinces, where heavy industries and state-owned enterprises accounted for a large portion of the economy, has been falling, and this trend is becoming more serious. Based on the economic situation of the three northeastern provinces in 2016, this report analyzes the three aspects of industrial structure, corporate governance structure, and elemental resources, and chooses the three major causes of the economic CRISIS in the three northeastern provinces. First, there is a single industrial struc-ture. Among the regional GDP, heavy industries, that is, the resource-intensive industries, account for a large portion of industry, and the development of technology-intensive industries is far behind. Second, the proportion of state-owned enterprises is very high. In other words, the structural problem of a company directly affects production efficiency. Third, the outflow of human resources is very serious. Due to various problems such as low-level industrial structure, lack of policy support, lack of enterprise innovation environment, etc. of the three north-eastern provinces, high-quality human resources have escaped to other cities to find a better opportunity, which has hampered the development of high-tech industries in the region and further slowed down the advanced industrial structure. The analysis concludes that the three northeastern provinces should undergo fundamental reforms in terms of industrial structure and corporate governance structure, under the background of the strengthening of CHI-NA's supply-side reforms. First, in the aspect of industrial structure, the industrial structure should be diversified and the industrial structure should be upgraded. And, through improving the corporate governance structure, the efficiency of the local economy should be improved by converting the less efficient state economy into a more efficient private economy. It is necessary to establish local preference policies that can attract core human re-sources while solving the problems of industrial structure and corporate governance structure.
    Keyword:Crisis, Three Northeastern Provinces in China, Industry Structure, Corporate Governance Structure, Human Resources
  • Korean public education is in crisis. So-called ‘School collapse phenomenon’ is worsening along with ever-flourishing private education, school violence, and failure of personality education. Taken for granted educational standards are being lost, and traditional pedagogical paradigm is being negated. Representation and legitimacy of educational research are at risk, while prudent choice and authentic dialogue from educational practice can be found nowhere. In the midst of the crisis, this article is suggesting a variety of ideas to innovate the endan-gered Korean public education. At the center of the ideas is the ‘Affiliated Schools’. Affiliated schools in Korea have a great potential to reform and innovate the public schooling in that they share many characteristics as ‘practical research community’. Therefore, this study suggests organizing a community of practical research and learning, composed of college of education and its affiliated schools, while teachers in the community work as a ‘performer of institutional function’, ‘leader’, ‘learner’, ‘cultural mediator’, and ‘critical reflector’. This study also suggests installing a central agency to diffuse and expand the research outputs and local knowledge from that community and the agency is named as KTCLC, Korean Teacher Consulting and Leadership Center. There is nei-ther a clear solution nor a driving force to overcome the present crisis of Korean education. In the midst of this stalemate, establishing a practical research and learning community can be a seed of hope for endangered Ko-rean public education. Hopefully the teachers, who are leaders, learners, practical researchers, critical reflectors, and cultural mediators, can create and to become a foundation for more just education where every single stu-dent can bring out their best potential possibilities. Then we can dream of the education for hope, to replace this age of pain.
    Keyword:Professional Development, Affiliated School, Community of Practical Research and Learning, Pub-lic Education Reform, Korean Public Education in Crisis
  • In the past boundary space in the condominium complexes was closed space however, recently it is changing that the space is recognized like physical and social perception of the open public space or partly open space. According to this point of view, the boundary space in condominium complexes have significant meanings for interaction between housing dwellers and local community on the other hand, there is weakness part that it is highly vulnerable to crime. Therefore, this study attempted to identify CPTED planning factors about the boundary space to prevent crime and analyze the importance of them which is reflected openness in the apartment housing complexes. In addition the main purpose of the research is suggesting the right direction of planning open boundary space that it is able to interact with the local people and safe for residents so, this research examined the importance of planning factors thought AHP analysis. To eliciting the urban design factors, it was selected the planning principles of CPTED as a superordinate con-cept. There are some principles such as natural surveillance, access control, territory reinforcement, revitalization of community activities and maintenance management. However, it excluded the maintenance control in fact that it was the principle after the city plan set up and it is an unsuitable planning factor for this research. The fallowing step, it considered literature review, CPTED guideline and it classified a comprehensive list of elements. Finally it deduced them using literature review, brain storming, FGI(Focus Group Interview). The quantitative research method was used to investigating the importance. The questionnaire started during 4th to 14th October 2016 and it targeted over postgraduate students, research institute and the other expert at the related engineering company. The research method carried out an individual interview and online survey and it distributed 100 questionnaire papers and 83 % of them returned. But, only 67 surveys presented that con-sistency index(C.R) was below 0.1 and which means the research standard is over 90. The result of analysis showed that it has to presenting natural surveillance and revitalization of community activities, cooperation and interaction among the residents rather than promoting closeness and creating private spatialization within the boundary space like access control and territoriality reinforcement. Therefore, the boundary area in the condominium complex should be established as an open space for local revitalization and communication between residents and their neighborhood. Moreover, it ought to prevent crime or accident through the interaction and social activities with local people and residents for a safe city. This study bears great significance that it has investigated and developed the importance of CPTED planning factors about boundary space in the apartment housing complex based on openness of the area and it may be use for the basic data for designing crime prevention regarding to boundary space in the condominium complex.
    Keyword:Condominium Complex, Boundary Space, CPTED, Safety, Planning Factors
  • People living this modern world where not only changes in the food culture but also many other factors that have harmful effects on their health find the means to prevent the various habit diseases and adult diseases from the food products they encounter all the time. The junkwa traditional food in Korea, and how it is difficult to manufacture. So very high calorie. In this study, using the rice cooker is to simplify the method of junkwa made with fresh ginseng. The following is the summary of the study. This study examined low calorie sweeteners (xylitol, oligosaccharide, stevioside, erythritol) instead of sugar for fresh ginseng junkwa to satisfy customers' health needs. After adding sugar, xylitol, oligosaccharide, stevio-side and erythritol to fresh ginseng junkwa. The fresh ginseng(Gangwha, 4 yrd old) chosen to make junkwa add-ing xylitol, oligosaccharide, stevioside, erythritol were 2cm in width and 15 cm in length that were fairly straight in shape. Fresh ginseng was cut into pieces of 7 mm thickness and 500 g of the cut ginseng were parboiled in 1L of boiling water in a pot(stainless, diameter : 20 cm, height : 15 cm). The fresh ginseng was then drained off of water on a mesh strainer and the 500 g of water that was boiled with fresh ginseng and 500 g of sugar were put together in an electronic rice cooker and were stirred to melt the sugar. When the sugar was totally dissolved into water, the 500 g of previously boiled fresh ginseng pieces were put into boiled liquid and was boiled down together for 205 minutes, and then was drained off the liquid on the mesh strainer and was examined for the experiment. Fresh ginseng junkwa added with xylitol, oligosaccharide, stevioside, erythritol were also produced through the same procedure. The fresh junkwa produced were put into experimentation under the room temper-ature of 24℃ for 12 days. The moisture level of junkwa made with fresh ginseng at different sweeteners were the lowest in the added with oligosaccharide. The chewiness and L-values were same to the lowest in the added with oligosaccharide. The difference in sweet taste showed that the fresh ginseng junkwa with oligosaccharide met the requirement of all storage periods. Therefore, oligosaccharide was a good ingredient for fresh ginseng junkwa.
    Keyword:Junkwa, Sweetener, Fresh Ginseng, Moisture Level, Sugar Level
  • In the process of the development, establishment and improvement of industrialization, the pension system has played an important role in maintaining social stability and promoting economic development, and it became the safety valve of social and economic operation. Chinese introduced the pension system under direction of socialist ideology, the reform of the system is mainly carried out by government’s executive order, and distribute to other places. However, with the establishment of China’s market economy system, the pension system has also undergone a structural change, such as the imple-mentation of multi-level pension system, government policy and private account system, and the rural pension insurance system. South Korea made “National Welfare Pension Law” in 1973, and it was formally implemented in 1988. Prom-inent features of the pension system are as follows: the legal form of the implementation system, expand cover-age on the basis of the number of workers, businesses and individuals share contribution rate of 4.5% of one’s salary. In addition, South Korea has also focused on the financial stability of pension funds, since 1988, invest-ment funds was used, with “profitability, stability, publicity, liquidity, operational independence” as the basic investment principles, pursuit transparent and effective pension fund investment. Also, the country developed annual “Investment Policy White Paper” which clearly defined objectives and long-term asset allocation strategy, investment benchmarks and prevention mechanisms, recruitment agencies and other specially commissioned content, to facilitate investment management and efficiency. From 2007 to 2015, investment income rate has maintained at a high level, reaching an average 5.64 percent. Even though the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter China) has improved its pension insurance system, the country’s aging population, eroding ability to pay benefits, asymmetric regional financial burdens, and consider-able transition costs present problems in managing pension funds, preserving and increasing their valuations, and improving investment mechanisms. In fund management, in order to improve the effectiveness of fund man-agement, China needs to create investment management suited to China’s Pension Insurance System, seek for diversified investors and investment targets, establish policies and targets for pension fund investments and management and better supervision of investments as South Korea such measures will have a positive impact on the future of reform and design. This paper based on the basic content of pension fund management and the inherent requirements of the system design. It combines theoretical precedents and case analyses to apply the principles underlying pension fund management in Korea to China. It analyzes the national conditions in China and its pension operations, identifies problems, and proposes solutions.
    Keyword:Pension Fund, Pension Fund Investment Crisis, Pension Fund Investment Management in Korea, Countermeasure Analysis, Pension System