All Articles

  • The subgrade modulus is an important parameter in the railway safety and the analysis of the behavior of a ballasted track. However, because such analyses often use the design subgrade moduli, their results seldom agree with those of finite element(FE) analyses, which use the theoretically determined subgrade moduli. Moreover, it is difficult to experimentally determine the subgrade modulus and spring stiffness of an in-service track because track components such as the ballast, sleepers, and rails are installed over the subgrade. In this study, the subgrade modulus of an in-service ballasted track was estimated by measuring the dynamic response of the track for railway safety. The subgrade modulus was further predicted from a proposed subgrade modulus map developed from the results of field tests and empirical equations for comparison with the design value. The rail displacement of the ballasted track was also predicted by an FE model that considers the spring stiffness at the rail support point, which includes the subgrade stiffness. It was confirmed that the subgrade modulus of an in-service ballasted track could be reliably predicted on the basis of the dynamic wheel load and rail displacement using the proposed subgrade modulus map.
    Keyword:Railway Safety, Ballasted Track, Subgrade Modulus, Field Test, Finite Element Analysis
  • This study examined the relationship between attachment security and clinical behavioral problems in a sample of 155 middle childhood boys in Republic of Korea. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) attachment security is associated with internalizing problems in middle childhood boys and 2) attachment security is associated with externalizing problems in middle childhood boys. Semi-structured interview (Separation Anxiety Test) was applied to identify the attachment security, and K-CBCL was used to measure behavioral problems. Frequency analysis and chi-square test were conducted to identify clinically risky groups in behavioral problems and to investigate the association with attachment security. The results of this study indicated that boys with insecure attachment type were more identified as a semi-clinical/clinical group in internalizing problems, but not in externalizing problems. These results were consistent with some previous studies which reported the relationship between attachment security and internalizing problems, but in contrast to other studies which suggested the association between attachment security and externalizing problems. Future studies are needed to further clarify the relationship between attachment security and externalizing problems of middle childhood boys in Republic of Korea. This study has following implications. First, we evaluated attachment security in middle childhood boys applying semi-structured attachment interview rather than self-report questionnaires to access the complexity and verbal and non-verbal expressions of attachment representations. Also, this study showed the relationship between attachment security and internalizing/externalizing problems in middle childhood boys who have been less investigated in previous studies. Finally, this study suggested that insecure attachment in middle childhood boys has clinical implication in internalizing problems.
    Keyword:Attachment Security, Behavioral Problems, Middle Childhood, Boys, Republic of Korea
  • International survey of the private security industry has rejuvenated interest in its study, in what has been a period of intensive growth internationally over several decades. Regulatory survey and analyses have been conventionally confined to Australia, Britain and North America, while developments in other world regions remain unassessed. This article is intended to inform and document the the recurring issues and challenges associated with the security industry in Republic of Korea. This article examines growth and diversification; regulation focusing on oversight practices; and offers a critique of the industry, as well as discussions on areas of possible improvement in regulation. The findings suggest that, although sustained intensive growth is evident, such growth has not been representative of a comprehensive scheme, and as such partial coverage of security tasks, minimal under-writing of competency standards, and insufficient attention paid to proactive monitoring and support remain ongoing issues. In light of the challenges outlined above, this article has discussed the range of strategies that could be pursued to complement a more comprehensive set of reforms, thereby optimizing the overall system. The major recommendation centers around three discussion areas. First, there appears to be a case for the policymakers to spread the legislative umbrella to embrace greater coverage of security tasks beyond the basic categories of static/armed guarding, close protection, cash-in-transit and alarm service, so that entry into the industry is controlled and monitored. Second, training has conventionally given a low priority due to ground that a two-year compulsory military service experience is adequate. Such assumption has resulted in a situation where the competency requirement is being avoided or neglected. Concurrently, there appears to be a case for the regulators and industry associations to engage in developing certified standards aimed at raising the bar of professionalism. Third, regulators should take advantage of cost-effective advances in monitoring programs in order to address the complexity of crime problems and benefit the industry in general.
    Keyword:Republic of Korea, Private Security, Regulation, Training, Industry Management
  • Recently, as interest in disaster-safety has been rising, contents regarding disaster medical service have been presented in various related guidelines. However, the presentation of criteria related to the facility input has been insufficient. In the case of contents regarding site selecting methods related to field emergency medical facility input, the criteria and procedures necessary for decision making have not been systematically organized. In this study, as a basic study related to field emergency medical facility input site selection among matters requiring decision making related to disaster field emergency medical facility input, factors that must be considered necessary for site selection and the process were derived. In addition, the field emergency medical facility input site selecting process was actually presented based on a virtual site. In the future, quantitative criteria for disaster field emergency medical facility input should be presented according to diverse disaster types.
    Keyword:Emergency Medical Facility, Disaster, Virtual Development, Site Selection, Criteria
  • The aim of this research is to study the functions of senior citizen leisure and welfare centers that are autonomously managed and operated by senior citizens in order to contribute to senior citizens’ ability to live a healthy life in their old age. Based on December 2016 statistics, there are 3,369 senior citizen centers in Seoul with approximately 7 or 8 in each ‘dong’(administrative unit). There are approximately 68,000 centers nationwide, making South Korea’s senior citizen centers the most accessible in the world. Moreover, it can also be considered a social overhead capital as an excellent delivery system of senior welfare through its undertaking of beautiful and fine customs as well as delivering culture. This study conducted a survey of presidents from 3,369 senior citizen centers between the periods 2016. 4. 1 and 2016. 6. 30 in Seoul and analyzed 3,100 valid samples. The SPSS/WIN 21.0 program was utilized for data analysis. The goal of this research is to propose a solution that can secure effective management capabilities by improving the functional operation system of senior citizen centers, which is projected to contribute to strengthening senior citizen centers’ quality management.
    Keyword:Senior Citizen Centers at Risk, Leisure and Welfare Facilities for Senior Citizens, Improving the Function of Senior Citizen Centers, Complete Enumeration Survey of Senior Citizen Centers, Operating Models of Senior Citizen Centers
  • This study intends to suggest ways to improve the safety management measures and the safety management system following the safety accidents and complex risk factors that may arise in the field of martial arts. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the following research questions have been set. First, what are the status and causes of the safety accidents in the martial arts? Second, what are the ways to improve the safety management system of the martial arts? In order to achieve the purpose of this study, we have reviewed articles, papers, and books related to the safety domestic and foreign as of 2017 in order to identify the current status and causes of the safety accidents in the martial arts and to suggest ways to improve the safety management system of the martial arts where a literature survey method was used, and the collected data were divided into the status of safety accidents, cause analysis and improvement measures, respectively. Based on the above research method and the data analysis method, the following research conclusions were acquired. First of all, the status and causes of safety accidents in the martial sports are analyzed as follows. First, 55.9% of the martial artist population, which is more than half of the total, experienced a safety accident sustaining severe to minor injuries and experienced an average of 2.6 injuries per year. Second, the most common injuries were pain(54.8%) and sprains(51.8%) while they were concentrated on the head and the upper body. Third, the causes of safety accidents in martial arts activities were technical factors such as the lack of motor functionality and skills, psychological factors such as excessive exercise, lack of tension, and conceitedness, among others. In addition, physical causes such as the failure to repair the facility, such as collision with the opponent and falling, were among the main causes. The improvement measures for the safety management system of the martial arts are as follows. First, it is necessary to continuously improve the curriculum of the martial arts instructor certificate. Second, the safety management system should be constructed through the placement of professional medical personnel related to the safety accidents along with the institutionalization of the emergency care system. Third, it is necessary to strengthen the gymnasium establishment law and leader placement standards, and mandatory safety education for instructors should be provided to provide safety environment for trainees by enhancing the ability of martial arts leaders to deal with safety accidents. Finally, the association of each martial art should systematize the mandatory safety training so that leader and trainee can improve the problems of environment and develop new program and safety education so that they can practice and compete in safe environments.
    Keyword:Martial Arts, Safety, Martial Art Safety Education, Safety Management System, Martial Art Safety Injury
  • In Korea, various initiatives for youth development are the social driver for building a sustainable society by means of the public investment for next generations. The national need to make the society sustainable has been especially salient in Korea as it has accomplished both economic and democratic development in an unprecedented pace since the Korean War. Youth work has been institutionalized with the foci on protection and welfare of youth as well as various activities for youth. In the national youth work, youth workers play a key role in implementing youth policies and delivering programs and services for young people. However, the labor marker for entry-level youth workers is far from favorable. Korean youth work agencies such as youth community centers, youth cultural centers, and youth shelters hold less and less capacity to accommodate newcomers, given the recent recession of national youth work. Due to the limited budget and the unstable market of youth work, the job security of entry-level youth workers in Korea has become more insecure than ever since the Korean government initiated the national youth work. In this career context, even for those who fortunately got some positions in the field of youth work, their career path is vulnerable from the beginning. This early career crisis of entry-level Korean youth workers reflects various aspects of the public-sector labor structure in Korea. At the same time, entry-level youth workers’ understanding of their career and life also illuminate how individual needs and expectations collide with socio-cultural structures and norms in the Korean society. This gap between the personal agency and the societal organization can be further examined along with the conception of informal learning. The purpose of this exploratory study is to illuminate entry-level youth workers’ informal learning about self-identity and career though their job experiences. The study takes a phenomenological approach, a qualitative research method to delve into the nature of a phenomenon, to designing the methodological framework. Through a qualitative data analysis, the research identified a number of open codes that converged into eight categories and three major themes. Subsequently, the analysis results were interpreted along with three activity systems that was constructed upon the three major themes and attendant categories and codes. What and how the entry-level youth workers learn informally on the job emerged from the methodological application of CHAT to their experiences and perceptions. Therefore, this study entails the theoretical implications of CHAT for examining informal learning in the workplace, highlighting its integrative approach to the job insecurity and the early career crisis of Korean entry-level youth workers.
    Keyword:Informal Learning, Youth Work, Career Crisis, Phenomenology, Temporary Employees
  • Police service include police protection for all citizens, including law enforcement and crime prevention. This service is distinct from other public services because it enforces governmental rule regardless of citizen agreement, and it is provided exclusively in special fields like crime investigation, construction, protection, etc. As the government came to assume more responsibilities from citizens, assessment of police performance grew in importance. Perhaps the most effective way of evaluating performance is to focus on the degree of citizens' satisfaction. Various preliminary studies have found citizen satisfaction with police service is an important factor to consider for many reasons. First, citizen satisfaction offers information and knowledge required for the police to make decisions. Second, it allows the police to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their own departments. Third, release of citizen evaluation promotes the sense of responsibility and accountability of the police. Fourth, the evaluations make up the limit of objective performance indices like crime rate, arrest rate, etc. This study analyzed the factors that contribute to citizen satisfaction with police service in KOREA and in the U.S. To that end, NDSI model was used instead of SERVQUAL model, which is frequently used in public service fields. NDSI model is different from the existing model in that it stresses the importance of public services delivered, including location, facility, time, and method. This study included 346 Koreans and 282 Americans. In KOREA, survey questionnaires were collected from citizens who have lived in Daejeon (Korea’s fifth largest city, population 1.5 million) from January through June, 2016. In the United States (U.S.), residents of Cincinnati, OH were surveyed from June through October, 2016. The surveys here included online students as well. The survey revealed that the two most important factors in both countries affecting citizen satisfaction with police service involve police facilities and processing capacity. KOREA was lower than the U.S. in the citizen satisfaction with police facility. It was found that high evaluation of police facility and work processing capacity the common actors in KOREA and in the U.S. affected higher satisfaction of citizens. In KOREA police facility was shown to affect citizens satisfaction more than work processing capacity. Meanwhile in the U.S., work processing capacity was more influential. The remaining factors, police service development and services (KOREA) and police policy (U.S.) also displayed positive effects on citizen satisfaction.
    Keyword:Police Service, Citizens Satisfaction, Determinant, Service Satisfaction, Korea and the U.S.
  • The Korea Army educational institutions like military academies conduct extensive training on their core values beginning with the Initial Entry Training (commonly referred to as basic training) in order to shape military personnel’s behavior and decision making in combat and non-combat situations. This paper addresses the theoretical and practical processes of military cadets’ character education. This paper employed a qualitative analysis of various kinds of articles including policy research on character education of military cadets to accomplish the research purpose. Character education programs were administered to the cadets from beginning of freshmen military cadets' Initial Entry Training to facilitate changes in cadets’ value system toward country and ethical moral judgment. Military academies need character development strategies to better integrate and synchronize the scattered programs to the direction of cadet character. Furthermore, the programs require an assessment plan to ensure that they are fulfilling the objectives. The military academies must ensure that their cadets and graduates keep the moral codes and military regulations in any circumstances. Character and honorable living are essentials of cadet education and strong character demonstrated by honorable living strengthens the Army Profession by enabling the leaders to build trust, which is relying on the integrity of another professional. The military academies must ensure that their cadets and graduates keep the moral codes and military regulations and align their efforts by implementing a commonly understood and approved model of cadet and character development. Building leadership by moral development, which establishes the framework for military academies’ Leader Development System (LDS), provides a detailed Cadet Developmental Model. The Cadet Developmental Model consists of five components for developing individual character. This study provides feedback to disciplinary officers and senior cadets that can be used to design effective moral and character education and thereby prepare cadets for decision-making and morally consistent behavior in educational courses and drill situations. A military academy authority is responsible for assessing character development of military cadets and the assessment includes both direct and indirect measures for individual cadets and organizational culture. Especially disciplinary officers coordinate with cadet leaders to collect and analyze data from several sources to include the Corps of Cadets and external experts. This strategy provides the ends, ways, and means for ensuring education programs and activities are integrated and synchronized in support of military academies' mission to provide the nation with commissioned leaders of character.
    Keyword:Character Education, Military Cadets, Moral Education, Leaders, National Safety
  • In teaching safety education to young children, early childhood teachers not only have to consider the use of safety issues related to young children as part of a useful strategy, but also the age of the children and various teaching methods. After the teachers recognize the importance of safety education, they have to perform and plan the actual safety education methods based on safety concepts and basic theories. For this reason, it is essential to plan and teach safety education based on the age of the children for pre-service teachers in order to prevent contingent safety accidents in pre-service education. In this thesis, I am going to design a child safety education for the flipped learning method in order to supplement the traditional lecture method. According to flipped learning, it is possible to understand theories completely by providing learning materials(e.g., various practical samples) in pre-class and develop the pre-service teachers’ ability of dealing with accidents and caring for the safety of the children by extending practice hours for planning and conducting various safety education based on the background of theory that was acquired in pre-class. The characteristics of the class model of child safety education applied in the flipped learning method are as follows. First, a total of 4 topics are included in the flipped learning method, except for theory lessons and field trips, with regard to the overall design of the child safety education class, safety education on traffic and fire, which occur frequently during childhood period, and environment and media safety education, which are correctly oriented. Second, pre-class step provides study materials(e.g., various practical cases) to pre-service teachers for a better understanding theories, and simple quizzes to pre-service teachers for checking themselves if they understood the contents or not. Third, in-class step develops a cooperative relationship among the parties in PBL and debate cases. For the successful implementation of the flipped learning method, teaching activities are planned and performed based on a child-centered learning method. PBL learning includes searching for data, preparing a teaching plan suitable for children’s developmental characteristics, providing teaching materials, and teaching safety education after providing actual safety situations. Debate learning focuses on decision making regarding the roles and conducting discussions with a logical basis after providing the topics, such as value judgment. It also evaluates the other team’s debate after providing a specific valuation basis. Fourth, the post-class step manages the team’s weak points result from a portfolio feedback. According to the child safety education applied to the flipped learning method, pre-service teachers will be able to extend their ability on safety management and handling dangerous situations related to the safety of the children.
    Keyword:Children, Safety, Flipped-Learning, PBL, DEBATE